Prescription Drugs

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism Of Action Lisdexamfetamine is a prodrug of dextroamphetamine. Amphetamines are non-catecholamine sympathomimetic amines with CNS stimulant activity. The exact mode of therapeutic action in ADHD and BED is not known. Pharmacodynamics Amphetamines block the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine into the presynaptic neuron and increase the release of these monoamines into the extraneuronal space. The parent drug, lisdexamfetamine, does not bind to the sites responsible for the reuptake of norepinephrine and dopamine in vitro. Pharmacokinetics Pharmacokinetic studies after oral administration of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate have been conducted in healthy adult (capsule and chewable tablet formulations) and pediatric (6 to 12 years) patients with ADHD (capsule formulation). After single dose administration of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate, pharmacokinetics of dextroamphetamine was found to be linear between 30 mg and 70 mg in a pediatric study, and between 50 mg and 250 mg in an adult study. Dextroamphetamine pharmacokinetic parameters following administration of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in adults exhibited low inter-subject (<25%) and intra-subject (<8%) variability. There is no accumulation of lisdexamfetamine and dextroamphetamine at steady state in healthy adults. Safety and efficacy have not been studied above the maximum recommended dose of 70 mg. Absorption Capsule Formulation Following single-dose oral administration of VYVANSE capsule (30 mg, 50 mg, or 70 mg) in patients ages 6 to 12 years with ADHD under fasted conditions, Tmax of lisdexamfetamine and dextroamphetamine was reached at approximately 1 hour and 3.5 hour post dose, respectively. Weight/Dose normalized AUC and Cmax values were the same in pediatric patients ages 6 to 12 years as the adults following single doses of 30 mg to 70 mg VYVANSE capsule. Food Effect On Capsule Formulation Neither food (a high fat meal or yogurt) nor orange juice affects the observed AUC and Cmax of dextroamphetamine in healthy adults after single-dose oral administration of 70 mg of VYVANSE capsules. Food prolongs Tmax by approximately 1 hour (from 3.8 hour at fasted state to 4.7 hour after a high fat meal or to 4.2 hour with yogurt). After an 8-hour fast, the AUC for dextroamphetamine following oral administration of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in solution and as intact capsules were equivalent. Chewable Tablet Formulation After a single dose administration of 60 mg VYVANSE chewable tablet in healthy subjects under fasted conditions, Tmax of lisdexamfetamine and dextroamphetamine was reached at approximately 1 hour and 4.4 hour post dose, respectively. Compared to 60 mg VYVANSE capsule, exposure (Cmax and AUC) to lisdexamfetamine was about 15% lower. The exposure (Cmax and AUCinf) of dextroamphetamine is similar between VYVANSE chewable tablet and VYVANSE capsule. Food Effect on Tablet Formulation Administration of 60 mg VYVANSE chewable tablet with food (a high-fat meal) decreases the exposure (Cmax and AUCinf) of dextroamphetamine by about 5% to 7%, and prolongs mean Tmax by approximately 1 hour (from 3.9 hrs at fasted state to 4.9 hours). Elimination Plasma concentrations of unconverted lisdexamfetamine are low and transient, generally becoming non-quantifiable by 8 hours after administration. The plasma elimination half-life of lisdexamfetamine typically averaged less than one hour in studies of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate in volunteers. The mean plasma elimination half-life of dextroamphetamine was about 12 hours after oral administration of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. Metabolism Lisdexamfetamine is converted to dextroamphetamine and l-lysine primarily in blood due to the hydrolytic activity of red blood cells after oral administration of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. In vitro data demonstrated that red blood cells have a high capacity for metabolism of lisdexamfetamine; substantial hydrolysis occurred even at low hematocrit levels (33% of normal). Lisdexamfetamine is not metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes. Excretion Following oral administration of a 70 mg dose of radiolabeled lisdexamfetamine dimesylate to 6 healthy subjects, approximately 96% of the oral dose radioactivity was recovered in the urine and only 0.3% recovered in the feces over a period of 120 hours. Of the radioactivity recovered in the urine, 42% of the dose was related to amphetamine, 25% to hippuric acid, and 2% to intact lisdexamfetamine. Specific Populations Exposures of dextroamphetamine in specific populations are summarized in Figure 1. Figure 1: Specific Populations*: *Figure 1 shows the geometric mean ratios and the 90% confidence limits for Cmax and AUC of d-amphetamine. Comparison for gender uses males as the reference. Comparison for age uses 55-64 years as the reference. Drug Interaction Studies Effects of other drugs on the exposures of dextroamphetamine are summarized in Figure 2. Figure 2: Effect of Other Drugs on VYVANSE: The effects of VYVANSE on the exposures of other drugs are summarized in Figure 3. Figure 3: Effect of VYVANSE on Other Drugs: Animal Toxicology And/Or Pharmacology Acute administration of high doses of amphetamine (d-or d,l-) has been shown to produce long-lasting neurotoxic effects, including irreversible nerve fiber damage, in rodents. The significance of these findings to humans is unknown. Clinical Studies Efficacy of VYVANSE in the treatment of ADHD has been established in the following trials: Three short-term trials in children (6 to 12 years, Studies 1, 2, 3) One short-term trial in adolescents (13 to 17 years, Study 4) One short-term trial in children and adolescents (6 to 17 years, Study 5) Two short-term trials in adults (18 to 55 years, Studies 7, 8) Two randomized withdrawal trials in children and adolescents (6 to 17 years, Study 6), and adults (18 to 55 years, Study 9) Efficacy of VYVANSE in the treatment of moderate to severe BED in adults has been established in the following trials: One randomized trial in adults (18 to 55 years, Study 10) Two short-term trials in adults (18 to 55 years, Studies 11 and 12) One randomized withdrawal study in adults (18 to 55 years, Study 13) Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Patients Ages 6 To 12 Years Old With ADHD A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (Study 1) was conducted in children ages 6 to 12 years (N=290) who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD (either the combined type or the hyperactive-impulsive type). Patients were randomized to receive final doses of 30 mg, 50 mg, or 70 mg of VYVANSE or placebo once daily in the morning for a total of four weeks of treatment. All patients receiving VYVANSE were initiated on 30 mg for the first week of treatment. Patients assigned to the 50 mg and 70 mg dose groups were titrated by 20 mg per week until they achieved their assigned dose. The primary efficacy outcome was change in Total Score from baseline to endpoint in investigator ratings on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), an 18-item questionnaire with a score range of 0-54 points that measures the core symptoms of ADHD which includes both hyperactive/impulsive and inattentive subscales. Endpoint was defined as the last post-randomization treatment week (i.e. Weeks 1 through 4) for which a valid score was obtained. All VYVANSE dose groups were superior to placebo in the primary efficacy outcome. Mean effects at all doses were similar; however, the highest dose (70 mg/day) was numerically superior to both lower doses (Study 1 in Table 7). The effects were maintained throughout the day based on parent ratings (Conners’ Parent Rating Scale) in the morning (approximately 10 am), afternoon (approximately 2 pm), and early evening (approximately 6 pm). A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design, analog classroom study (Study 2) was conducted in children ages 6 to 12 years (N=52) who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD (either the combined type or the hyperactive-impulsive type). Following a 3-week open-label dose optimization with Adderall XR®, patients were randomly assigned to continue their optimized dose of Adderall XR (10 mg, 20 mg, or 30 mg), VYVANSE (30 mg, 50 mg, or 70 mg), or placebo once daily in the morning for 1 week each treatment. Efficacy assessments were conducted at 1, 2, 3, 4.5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 hours post-dose using the Swanson, Kotkin, Agler, M.Flynn, and Pelham Deportment scores (SKAMP-DS), a 4-item subscale of the SKAMP with scores ranging from 0 to 24 points that measures deportment problems leading to classroom disruptions. A significant difference in patient behavior, based upon the average of investigator ratings on the SKAMP-DS across the 8 assessments were observed between patients when they received VYVANSE compared to patients when they received placebo (Study 2 in Table 7). The drug effect reached statistical significance from hours 2 to 12 post-dose, but was not significant at 1 hour. A second double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized, crossover design, analog classroom study (Study 3) was conducted in children ages 6 to 12 years (N=129) who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD (either the combined type or the hyperactive-impulsive type). Following a 4-week open-label dose optimization with VYVANSE (30 mg, 50 mg, 70 mg), patients were randomly assigned to continue their optimized dose of VYVANSE or placebo once daily in the morning for 1 week each treatment. A significant difference in patient behavior, based upon the average of investigator ratings on the SKAMP-Deportment scores across all 7 assessments conducted at 1.5, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0, 12.0, and 13.0 hours post-dose, were observed between patients when they received VYVANSE compared to patients when they received placebo (Study 3 in Table 7, Figure 4). Patients Ages 13 To 17 Years Old With ADHD A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (Study 4) was conducted in adolescents ages 13 to 17 years (N=314) who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. In this study, patients were randomized in a 1:1:1:1 ratio to a daily morning dose of VYVANSE (30 mg/day, 50 mg/day or 70 mg/day) or placebo for a total of four weeks of treatment. All patients receiving VYVANSE were initiated on 30 mg for the first week of treatment. Patients assigned to the 50 mg and 70 mg dose groups were titrated by 20 mg per week until they achieved their assigned dose. The primary efficacy outcome was change in Total Score from baseline to endpoint in investigator ratings on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Endpoint was defined as the last post-randomization treatment week (i.e. Weeks 1 through 4) for which a valid score was obtained. All VYVANSE dose groups were superior to placebo in the primary efficacy outcome (Study 4 in Table 7). Patients Ages 6 To 17 Years Old: Short-Term Treatment In ADHD A double-blind, randomized, placebo-and active-controlled parallel-group, dose-optimization study (Study 5) was conducted in children and adolescents ages 6 to 17 years (n=336) who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. In this eight-week study, patients were randomized to a daily morning dose of VYVANSE (30, 50 or 70mg/day), an active control, or placebo (1:1:1). The study consisted of a Screening and Washout Period (up to 42 days), a 7-week Double-blind Evaluation Period (consisting of a 4-week Dose-Optimization Period followed by a 3-week Dose-Maintenance Period), and a 1-week Washout and Follow-up Period. During the Dose Optimization Period, subjects were titrated until an optimal dose, based on tolerability and investigator’s judgment, was reached. VYVANSE showed significantly greater efficacy than placebo. The placebo-adjusted mean reduction from baseline in the ADHD-RS-IV total score was 18.6. Subjects on VYVANSE also showed greater improvement on the Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) rating scale compared to subjects on placebo (Study 5 in Table 7). Patients Ages 6 to 17 Years Old: Maintenance Treatment in ADHD Maintenance of Efficacy Study (Study 6) -A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal study was conducted in children and adolescents ages 6 to 17 (N=276) who met the diagnosis of ADHD (DSM-IV criteria). A total of 276 patients were enrolled into the study, 236 patients participated in Study 5 and 40 subjects directly enrolled. Subjects were treated with open-label VYVANSE for at least 26 weeks prior to being assessed for entry into the randomized withdrawal period. Eligible patients had to demonstrate treatment response as defined by CGI-S <3 and Total Score on the ADHD-RS ≤22. Patients that maintained treatment response for 2 weeks at the end of the open label treatment period were eligible to be randomized to ongoing treatment with the same dose of VYVANSE (N=78) or switched to placebo (N=79) during the double-blind phase. Patients were observed for relapse (treatment failure) during the 6 week double blind phase. A significantly lower proportion of treatment failures occurred among VYVANSE subjects (15.8%) compared to placebo (67.5%) at endpoint of the randomized withdrawal period. The endpoint measurement was defined as the last post-randomization treatment week at which a valid ADHD-RS Total Score and CGI-S were observed. Treatment failure was defined as a ≥50% increase (worsening) in the ADHD-RS Total Score and a ≥2-point increase in the CGI-S score compared to scores at entry into the double-blind randomized withdrawal phase. Subjects who withdrew from the randomized withdrawal period and who did not provide efficacy data at their last on-treatment visit were classified as treatment failures (Study 6, Figure 5). Adults:Short-Term Treatment In ADHD A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group study (Study 7) was conducted in adults ages 18 to 55 (N=420) who met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. In this study, patients were randomized to receive final doses of 30 mg, 50 mg, or 70 mg of VYVANSE or placebo for a total of four weeks of treatment. All patients receiving VYVANSE were initiated on 30 mg for the first week of treatment. Patients assigned to the 50 mg and 70 mg dose groups were titrated by 20 mg per week until they achieved their assigned dose. The primary efficacy outcome was change in Total Score from baseline to endpoint in investigator ratings on the ADHD Rating Scale (ADHD-RS). Endpoint was defined as the last post-randomization treatment week (i.e. Weeks 1 through 4) for which a valid score was obtained. All VYVANSE dose groups were superior to placebo in the primary efficacy outcome (Study 7 in Table 7). The second study was a multi-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, modified analog classroom study (Study 8) of VYVANSE to simulate a workplace environment in 142 adults ages 18 to 55 who met DSM-IV-TR criteria for ADHD. There was a 4-week open-label, dose optimization phase with VYVANSE (30 mg/day, 50 mg/day, or 70 mg/day in the morning). Patients were then randomized to one of two treatment sequences: 1) VYVANSE (optimized dose) followed by placebo, each for one week, or 2) placebo followed by VYVANSE, each for one week. Efficacy assessments occurred at the end of each week, using the Permanent Product Measure of Performance (PERMP), a skill-adjusted math test that measures attention in ADHD. PERMP total score results from the sum of the number of math problems attempted plus the number of math problems answered correctly. VYVANSE treatment, compared to placebo, resulted in a statistically significant improvement in attention across all post-dose time points, as measured by average PERMP total scores over the course of one assessment day, as well as at each time point measured. The PERMP assessments were administered at pre-dose (-0.5 hours) and at 2, 4, 8, 10, 12, and 14 hours post-dose (Study 8 in Table 7, Figure 6). Adults:Maintenance Treatment In ADHD A double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized withdrawal design study (Study 9) was conducted in adults ages 18 to 55 (N=123) who had a documented diagnosis of ADHD or met DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. At study entry, patients must have had documentation of treatment with VYVANSE for a minimum of 6 months and had to demonstrate treatment response as defined by Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) ≤3 and Total Score on the ADHD-RS <22. ADHD-RS Total Score is a measure of core symptoms of ADHD. The CGI-S score assesses the clinician’s impression of the patient’s current illness state and ranges from 1 (not at all ill) to 7 (extremely ill). Patients that maintained treatment response at week 3 of the open label treatment phase (N=116) were eligible to be randomized to ongoing treatment with the same dose of VYVANSE (N=56) or switched to placebo (N=60) during the double-blind phase. Patients were observed for relapse (treatment failure) during the 6-week double-blind phase. The efficacy endpoint was the proportion of patients with treatment failure during the double-blind phase. Treatment failure was defined as a ≥50% increase (worsening) in the ADHD-RS Total Score and ≥2-point increase in the CGI-S score compared to scores at entry into the double-blind phase. Maintenance of efficacy for patients treated with VYVANSE was demonstrated by the significantly lower proportion of patients with treatment failure (9%) compared to patients receiving placebo (75%) at endpoint during the double-blind phase (Study 9, Figure 7). Table 7: Summary of Primary Efficacy Results from Short-term Studies of VYVANSE in Children, Adolescents, and Adults with ADHD Study Number(Age range) Primary Endpoint Treatment Group Mean Baseline Score (SD) LS Mean Change from Baseline (SE) Placebo-subtracted Differencea (95% CI) Study 1(6 -12 years) ADHD-RSIV VYVANSE (30 mg/day)* 43.2 (6.7) -21.8 (1.6) -15.6 (-19.9, -11.2) VYVANSE (50 mg/day)* 43.3 (6.7) -23.4 (1.6) -17.2 (-21.5, -12.9) VYVANSE (70 mg/day)* 45.1(6.8) -26.7 (1.5) -20.5 (-24.8, -16.2) Placebo 42.4 (7.1) -6.2 (1.6) - Study 2(6 -12 years) Average SKAMP-DS VYVANSE (30, 50 or 70 mg/day)* -b 0.8 (0.1) d -0.9 (-1.1, -0.7) Placebo -b 1.7 (0.1) d - Study3 (6 -12 years) Average SKAMP-DS VYVANSE (30, 50 or 70 mg/day)* 0.9 (1.0)c 0.7 (0.1)d -0.7 (-0.9, -0.6) Placebo 0.7 (0.9)c 1.4 (0.1)d - Study4(13 -17years) ADHD-RSIV VYVANSE (30 mg/day)* 38.3 (6.7) -18.3 (1.2) -5.5 (-9.0, -2.0) VYVANSE (50 mg/day)* 37.3 (6.3) -21.1 (1.3) -8.3 (-11.8, -4.8) VYVANSE (70 mg/day)* 37.0 (7.3) -20.7 (1.3) -7.9 (-11.4, -4.5) Placebo 38.5 (7.1) -12.8 (1.2) - Study 5 (6 -17years) ADHD-RSIV VYVANSE (30, 50 or 70 mg/day)* 40.7 (7.3) -24.3 (1.2) -18.6 (-21.5, -15.7) Placebo 41.0 (7.1) -5.7 (1.1) - Study7 (18 -55years) ADHD-RSIV VYVANSE (30 mg/day)* 40.5 (6.2) -16.2 (1.1) -8.0 (-11.5, -4.6) VYVANSE (50 mg/day)* 40.8 (7.3) -17.4 (1.0) -9.2 (-12.6, -5.7) VYVANSE (70 mg/day)* 41.0 (6.0) -18.6 (1.0) -10.4 (-13.9, -6.9) Placebo 39.4 (6.4) -8.2 (1.4) - Study 8 (18 -55years) Average PERMP VYVANSE (30, 50 or 70 mg/day)* 260.1 (86.2)c 312.9 (8.6)d 23.4 (15.6, 31.2) Placebo 261.4 (75.0)c 289.5 (8.6)d - SD: standard deviation; SE: standard error; LS Mean: least-squares mean; CI: confidence interval. a Difference (drug minus placebo) in least-squares mean change from baseline. b Pre-dose SKAMP-DS was not collected. c Pre-dose SKAMP-DS (Study 3) or PERMP (Study 8) total score, averaged over both periods. d LS Mean for SKAMP-DS (Study 2 and 3) or PERMP (Study 8) is post-dose average score over all sessions of the treatment day, rather than change from baseline. * Doses statistically significantly superior to placebo. Figure 4: LS Mean SKAMP Deportment Subscale Score by Treatment and Time-point for Children Ages 6 to 12 with ADHD after 1 Week of Double Blind Treatment (Study 3) Higher score on the SKAMP-Deportment scale indicates more severe symptoms Figure 5: Kaplan-Meier Estimated Proportion of Patients with Treatment Failure for Children and Adolescent Ages 6-17 (Study 6) Figure 6: LS Mean (SE) PERMP Total Score by Treatment and Time-point for Adults Ages 18 to 55 with ADHD after 1 Week of Double Blind Treatment (Study 8) Higher score on the PERMP scale indicates less severe symptoms. Figure 7: Kaplan-Meier Estimated Proportion of Subjects with Relapse in Adults with ADHD (Study 9) Binge Eating Disorder (BED) A phase 2 study evaluated the efficacy of VYVANSE 30, 50 and 70 mg/day compared to placebo in reducing the number of binge days/week in adults with at least moderate to severe BED. This randomized, double-blind, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, forced-dose titration study (Study 10) consisted of an 11-week double-blind treatment period (3 weeks of forced-dose titration followed by 8 weeks of dose maintenance). VYVANSE 30 mg/day was not statistically different from placebo on the primary endpoint. The 50 and 70 mg/day doses were statistically superior to placebo on the primary endpoint. The efficacy of VYVANSE in the treatment of BED was demonstrated in two 12-week randomized, double-blind, multi-center, parallel-group, placebo-controlled, dose-optimization studies (Study 11 and Study 12) in adults aged 18-55 years (Study 11: N=374, Study 12: N=350) with moderate to severe BED. A diagnosis of BED was confirmed using DSM-IV criteria for BED. Severity of BED was determined based on having at least 3 binge days per week for 2 weeks prior to the baseline visit and on having a Clinical Global Impression Severity (CGI-S) score of ≥4 at the baseline visit. For both studies, a binge day was defined as a day with at least 1 binge episode, as determined from the subject’s daily binge diary. Both 12-week studies consisted of a 4-week dose-optimization period and an 8-week dose-maintenance period. During dose-optimization, subjects assigned to VYVANSE began treatment at the titration dose of 30 mg/day and, after 1 week of treatment, were subsequently titrated to 50mg/day. Additional increases to 70 mg/day were made as tolerated and clinically indicated. Following the dose-optimization period, subjects continued on their optimized dose for the duration of the dose-maintenance period. The primary efficacy outcome for the two studies was defined as the change from baseline at Week 12 in the number of binge days per week. Baseline is defined as the weekly average of the number of binge days per week for the 14 days prior to the baseline visit. Subjects from both studies on VYVANSE had a statistically significantly greater reduction from baseline in mean number of binge days per week at Week 12. In addition, subjects on VYVANSE showed greater improvement as compared to placebo across key secondary outcomes with higher proportion of subjects rated improved on the CGI-I rating scale, higher proportion of subjects with 4-week binge cessation, and greater reduction in the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale Modified for Binge Eating (Y-BOCS-BE) total score. Table 8: Summary of Primary Efficacy Results in BED Study Number Treatment Group Primary Efficacy Measure: Binge Days per Week at Week 12 Mean Baseline Score (SD) LS Mean Change from Baseline (SE) Placebo-subtracted Differencea (95% CI) Study 11 VYVANSE (50 or 70 mg/day)* 4.79 (1.27) -3.87 (0.12) -1.35 (-1.70, -1.01) Placebo 4.60 (1.21) -2.51 (0.13) - Study 12 VYVANSE (50 or 70 mg/day)* 4.66 (1.27) -3.92 (0.14) -1.66 (-2.04, -1.28) Placebo 4.82 (1.42) -2.26 (0.14) - SD:standard deviation; SE: standard error; LS Mean: least-squares mean; CI: confidence interval. a Difference (drug minus placebo) in least-squares mean change from baseline. * Doses statistically significantly superior to placebo. A double-blind, placebo controlled, randomized withdrawal design study (Study 13) was conducted to evaluate maintenance of efficacy based on time to relapse between VYVANSE and placebo in adults aged 18 to 55 (N=267) with moderate to severe BED. In this longer-term study patients who had responded to VYVANSE in the preceding 12-week open-label treatment phase were randomized to continuation of VYVANSE or placebo for up to 26 weeks of observation for relapse. Response in the open-label phase was defined as 1 or fewer binge days each week for four consecutive weeks prior to the last visit at the end of the 12-week open-label phase and a CGI-S score of 2 or less at the same visit. Relapse during the double-blind phase was defined as having 2 or more binge days each week for two consecutive weeks (14 days) prior to any visit and having an increase in CGI-S score of 2 or more points compared to the randomized-withdrawal baseline. Maintenance of efficacy for patients who had an initial response during the open-label period and then continued on VYVANSE during the 26-week double-blind randomized-withdrawal phase was demonstrated with VYVANSE being superior over placebo as measured by time to relapse. Figure 8: Kaplan-Meier Estimated Proportion of Subjects with Relapse in Adults with BED (Study 13) Examination of population subgroups based on age (there were no patients over 65), gender, and race did not reveal any clear evidence of differential responsiveness in the treatment of BED.

Find Lowest Prices on VYVANSE ® (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Capsules, for Oral Use, (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Chewable Tablets, for Oral Use, WARNING ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE CNS stimulants (amphetamines and methylphenidate-containing products), including VYVANSE, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Drug Abuse And Dependence]. DESCRIPTION VYVANSE (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate), a CNS stimulant, is for once-a-day oral administration. The chemical designation for lisdexamfetamine dimesylate is (2S)-2,6-diaminoN-[(1S)-1-methyl-2-phenylethyl] hexanamide dimethanesulfonate. The molecular formula is C15H25N3O•(CH4O3S)2, which corresponds to a molecular weight of 455.60. The chemical structure is: Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate is a white to off-white powder that is soluble in water (792 mg/mL). Information for VYVANSE Capsules VYVANSE capsules contain 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, and 70 mg of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (equivalent to 5.8 mg, 11.6 mg, 17.3 mg, 23.1 mg, 28.9 mg, 34.7 mg, and 40.5 mg of lisdexamfetamine). Inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shells contain gelatin, titanium dioxide, and one or more of the following: FD&C Red #3, FD&C Yellow #6, FD&C Blue #1, Black Iron Oxide, and Yellow Iron Oxide. Information for VYVANSE Chewable Tablets VYVANSE chewable tablets contain 10 mg, 20 mg, 30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, and 60 mg of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (equivalent to 5.8 mg, 11.6 mg, 17.3 mg, 23.1 mg, 28.9 mg, and 34.7 mg of lisdexamfetamine). Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, guar gum, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sucralose, artificial strawberry flavor.

INDICATIONS VYVANSE® is indicated for the treatment of: Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) [see Clinical Studies] Moderate to Severe Binge Eating Disorder (BED) in adults [see Clinical Studies]. Limitation Of Use VYVANSE is not indicated or recommended for weight loss. Use of other sympathomimetic drugs for weight loss has been associated with serious cardiovascular adverse events. The safety and effectiveness of VYVANSE for the treatment of obesity have not been established [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Pre-Treatment Screening Prior to treating children, adolescents, and adults with CNS stimulants, including VYVANSE, assess for the presence of cardiac disease (e.g., a careful history, family history of sudden death or ventricular arrhythmia, and physical exam) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. To reduce the abuse of CNS stimulants including VYVANSE, assess the risk of abuse, prior to prescribing. After prescribing, keep careful prescription records, educate patients about abuse, monitor for signs of abuse and overdose, and re-evaluate the need for VYVANSE use [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS , Drug Abuse And Dependence]. General Instructions For Use Take VYVANSE by mouth in the morning with or without food; avoid afternoon doses because of the potential for insomnia. VYVANSE may be administered in one of the following ways: Information For VYVANSE Capsules: Swallow VYVANSE capsules whole, or Open capsules, empty and mix the entire contents with yogurt, water, or orange juice. If the contents of the capsule include any compacted powder, a spoon may be used to break apart the powder. The contents should be mixed until completely dispersed. Consume the entire mixture immediately. It should not be stored. The active ingredient dissolves completely once dispersed; however, a film containing the inactive ingredients may remain in the glass or container once the mixture is consumed. Information For VYVANSE Chewable Tablets: VYVANSE chewable tablets must be chewed thoroughly before swallowing. VYVANSE capsules can be substituted with VYVANSE chewable tablets on a unit per unit/ mg per mg basis (for example, 30 mg capsules for 30 mg chewable tablet) [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Do not take anything less than one capsule or chewable tablet per day. A single dose should not be divided. Dosage For Treatment Of ADHD The recommended starting dose is 30 mg once daily in the morning in patients ages 6 and above. Dosage may be adjusted in increments of 10 mg or 20 mg at approximately weekly intervals up to maximum dose of 70 mg/day [see Clinical Studies]. Dosage For Treatment Of Moderate To Severe BED In Adults The recommended starting dose is 30 mg/day to be titrated in increments of 20 mg at approximately weekly intervals to achieve the recommended target dose of 50 to 70 mg/day. The maximum dose is 70 mg/day [see Clinical Studies]. Discontinue VYVANSE if binge eating does not improve. Dosage In Patients With Renal Impairment In patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2), the maximum dose should not exceed 50 mg/day. In patients with end stage renal disease (ESRD, GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2), the maximum recommended dose is 30 mg/day [see Use In Specific Populations]. Dosage Modifications Due To Drug Interactions Agents that alter urinary pH can impact urinary excretion and alter blood levels of amphetamine. Acidifying agents (e.g., ascorbic acid) decrease blood levels, while alkalinizing agents (e.g., sodium bicarbonate) increase blood levels. Adjust VYVANSE dosage accordingly [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. HOW SUPPLIED Dosage Forms And Strengths Information For VYVANSE Capsules: Capsules 10 mg: pink body/pink cap (imprinted with S489 and 10 mg) Capsules 20 mg: ivory body/ivory cap (imprinted with S489 and 20 mg) Capsules 30 mg: white body/orange cap (imprinted with S489 and 30 mg) Capsules 40 mg: white body/blue green cap (imprinted with S489 and 40 mg) Capsules 50 mg: white body/blue cap (imprinted with S489 and 50 mg) Capsules 60 mg: aqua blue body/aqua blue cap (imprinted with S489 and 60 mg) Capsules 70 mg: blue body/orange cap (imprinted with S489 and 70 mg) Information For VYVANSE Chewable Tablets: Chewable tablets 10 mg: White to off-white round shaped tablet debossed with ‘10’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other Chewable tablets 20 mg: White to off-white hexagonal shaped tablet debossed with ‘20’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other Chewable tablets 30 mg: White to off-white arc triangular shaped tablet debossed with ‘30’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other Chewable tablets 40 mg: White to off-white capsule shaped tablet debossed with ‘40’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other Chewable tablets 50 mg: White to off-white arc square shaped tablet debossed with ‘50’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other Chewable tablets 60 mg: White to off-white arc diamond shaped tablet debossed with ‘60’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other Storage And Handling Information For VYVANSE Capsules: VYVANSE capsules 10 mg: pink body/pink cap (imprinted with S489 and 10 mg), bottles of 100, NDC 59417-101-10 VYVANSE capsules 20 mg: ivory body/ivory cap (imprinted with S489 and 20 mg), bottles of 100, NDC 59417-102-10 VYVANSE capsules 30 mg: white body/orange cap (imprinted with S489 and 30 mg), bottles of 100, NDC 59417-103-10 VYVANSE capsules 40 mg: white body/blue green cap (imprinted with S489 and 40 mg), bottles of 100, NDC 59417-104-10 VYVANSE capsules 50 mg: white body/blue cap (imprinted with S489 and 50 mg), bottles of 100, NDC 59417-105-10 VYVANSE capsules 60 mg: aqua blue body/aqua blue cap (imprinted with S489 and 60 mg), bottles of 100, NDC 59417-106-10 VYVANSE capsules 70 mg: blue body/orange cap (imprinted with S489 and 70 mg), bottles of 100, NDC 59417-107-10 Information For VYVANSE Chewable Tablets: VYVANSE chewable tablets 10 mg: White to off-white round shaped tablet debossed with ‘10’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other, bottles of 100, NDC 59417-115-01 VYVANSE chewable tablets 20 mg: White to off-white hexagonal shaped tablet debossed with ‘20’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other, bottles of 100, NDC 59417-11601 VYVANSE chewable tablets 30 mg: White to off-white arc triangular shaped tablet debossed with ‘30’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other, bottles of 100, NDC 59417-11701 VYVANSE chewable tablets 40 mg: White to off-white capsule shaped tablet debossed with ‘40’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other, bottles of 100, NDC 59417-118-01 VYVANSE chewable tablets 50 mg: White to off-white arc square shaped tablet debossed with ‘50’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other, bottles of 100, NDC 59417-11901 VYVANSE chewable tablets 60 mg: White to off-white arc diamond shaped tablet debossed with ‘60’ on one side and ‘S489’ on the other, bottles of 100, NDC 59417-12001 Storage And Handling Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container as defined in the USP. Store at room temperature, 20°C to 25° C (68°F to 77° F). Excursions permitted between 15°C and 30° C (59 to 86° F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Disposal Comply with local laws and regulations on drug disposal of CNS stimulants. Dispose of remaining, unused, or expired VYVANSE by a medicine take-back program. Manufactured for: Shire US Inc., 300 Shire Way, Lexington, MA 02421. Revised: Jul 2017

PATIENT INFORMATION VYVANSE® [Vi’ -vans] (lisdexamfetamine dimesylate) Capsules and Chewable Tablets What is the most important information I should know about VYVANSE? VYVANSE is a federally controlled substance (CII) because it can be abused or lead to dependence. Keep VYVANSE in a safe place to prevent misuse and abuse. Selling or giving away VYVANSE may harm others, and is against the law. Tell your doctor if you have ever abused or been dependent on alcohol, prescription medicines or street drugs. VYVANSE is a stimulant medicine. Some people have had the following problems when taking stimulant medicines such as VYVANSE: Heart-related problems including: sudden death in people who have heart problems or heart defects sudden death, stroke and heart attack in adults increased blood pressure and heart rate Tell your doctor if you have any heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure, or a family history of these problems. Your doctor should check you carefully for heart problems before starting VYVANSE. Your doctor should check your blood pressure and heart rate regularly during treatment with VYVANSE. Call your doctor right away if you have any signs of heart problems such as chest pain, shortness of breath, or fainting while taking VYVANSE. Mental (psychiatric) problems including: In Children, Teenagers, and Adults: new or worse behavior and thought problems new or worse bipolar illness In Children and Teenagers new psychotic symptoms such as: hearing voices believing things that are not true being suspicious new manic symptoms Tell your doctor about any mental problems you have or if you have a family history of suicide, bipolar illness, or depression. Call your doctor right away if you have any new or worsening mental symptoms or problems while taking VYVANSE, especially: seeing or hearing things that are not real believing things that are not real being suspicious Circulation problems in fingers and toes [Peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon]: Fingers or toes may feel numb, cool, painful Fingers or toes may change color from pale, to blue, to red Tell your doctor if you have numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in your fingers or toes. Call your doctor right away if you have any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking VYVANSE. What is VYVANSE? VYVANSE is a central nervous system stimulant prescription medicine used to treat: Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). VYVANSE may help increase attention and decrease impulsiveness and hyperactivity in patients with ADHD. Binge Eating Disorder (BED). VYVANSE may help reduce the number of binge eating days in patients with BED. VYVANSE is not for weight loss. It is not known if VYVANSE is safe and effective for the treatment of obesity. It is not known if VYVANSE is safe and effective in children with ADHD under 6 years of age or in patients with BED under 18 years of age. Do not take VYVANSE if you: are taking or have taken within the past 14 days an anti-depression medicine called a monoamine oxidase inhibitor or MAOI. are sensitive to, allergic to, or had a reaction to other stimulant medicines. Before you take VYVANSE, tell your doctor if you have or if there is a family history of: heart problems, heart defects, high blood pressure mental problems including psychosis, mania, bipolar illness, or depression circulation problems in fingers and toes Tell your doctor if: you have any kidney problems. Your doctor may lower your dose. you are pregnant or plan to become pregnant. It is not known if VYVANSE may harm your unborn baby. you are breastfeeding or plan to breastfeed. VYVANSE can pass into your milk. Do not breastfeed while taking VYVANSE. Talk to your doctor about the best way to feed your baby if you take VYVANSE. Tell your doctor about all of the medicines that you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal supplements. VYVANSE can affect the way other medicines work, and other medicines may affect how VYVANSE works. Using VYVANSE with other medicines can cause serious side effects. Especially tell your doctor if you take anti-depression medicines including MAOIs. Ask your doctor or pharmacist for a list of these medicines if you are not sure. Know the medicines that you take. Keep a list of them to show your doctor and pharmacist when you get a new medicine. Do not start any new medicine while taking VYVANSE without talking to your doctor first. How should I take VYVANSE? Take VYVANSE exactly as your doctor tells you to take it. Your doctor may change your dose until it is right for you. Take VYVANSE 1 time each day in the morning. VYVANSE can be taken with or without food. VYVANSE comes in capsules or chewable tablets. Capsules: VYVANSE capsules may be swallowed whole. If you have trouble swallowing capsules, open your VYVANSE capsule and pour all the powder into yogurt, water, or orange juice. Use all of the VYVANSE powder from the capsule so you get all of the medicine. Using a spoon, break apart any powder that is stuck together. Stir the VYVANSE powder and yogurt, water or orange juice until they are completely mixed together. Eat all the yogurt or drink all the water or orange juice right away after it has been mixed with VYVANSE. Do not store the yogurt, water, or orange juice after it has been mixed with VYVANSE. It is normal to see a filmy coating on the inside of your glass or container after you eat or drink all the VYVANSE. Chewable Tablets: VYVANSE chewable tablets must be completely chewed before swallowing. Your doctor may sometimes stop VYVANSE treatment for a while to check your ADHD or your BED symptoms. Your doctor may do regular checks of your heart, and blood pressure while taking VYVANSE. Children should have their height and weight checked often while taking VYVANSE. VYVANSE treatment may be stopped if a problem is found during these check-ups. If you take too much VYVANSE, call your doctor or poison control center (1-800-222-1222) right away, or get to the nearest hospital emergency room. What should I avoid while taking VYVANSE? Do not drive, operate machinery, or do other dangerous activities until you know how VYVANSE affects you. What are the possible side effects of VYVANSE? VYVANSE may cause serious side effects, including: See “What is the most important information I should know about VYVANSE?” slowing of growth (height and weight) in children The most common side effects of VYVANSE in ADHD include: anxiety dry mouth trouble sleeping decreased appetite irritability upper stomach pain diarrhea loss of appetite vomiting dizziness nausea weight loss The most common side effects of VYVANSE in BED include: dry mouth constipation rouble sleeping feeling jittery decreased appetite anxiety increased heart rate Talk to your doctor if you have any side effects that bother you or do not go away. These are not all the possible side effects of VYVANSE. For more information ask your doctor or pharmacist. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. How should I store VYVANSE? Store VYVANSE at room temperature, 68°F to 77°F (20°C to 25°C). Protect VYVANSE from light. Store VYVANSE in a safe place, like a locked cabinet. Do not throw away unused VYVANSE in your household trash as it may harm other people or animals. Ask your doctor or pharmacist about a medicine take-back program in your community. Keep VYVANSE and all medicines out of the reach of children. General information about the safe and effective use of VYVANSE. Medicines are sometimes prescribed for purposes other than those listed in a Medication Guide. Do not use VYVANSE for a condition for which it was not prescribed. Do not give VYVANSE to other people, even if they have the same symptoms that you have. It may harm them and it is against the law. If you would like more information, talk with your doctor. You can ask your pharmacist or healthcare provider for information about VYVANSE that is written for health professionals. What are the ingredients in VYVANSE? Active ingredient: lisdexamfetamine dimesylate Capsule Inactive ingredients: microcrystalline cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, and magnesium stearate. The capsule shells (imprinted with S489) contain gelatin, titanium dioxide, and one or more of the following: FD&C Red #3, FD&C Yellow #6, FD&C Blue #1, Black Iron Oxide, and Yellow Iron Oxide. Chewable Tablet Inactive Ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, croscarmellose sodium, guar gum, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, sucralose, artificial strawberry flavor. This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration

SIDE EFFECTS The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling: Known hypersensitivity to amphetamine products or other ingredients of VYVANSE [see CONTRAINDICATIONS] Hypertensive Crisis When Used Concomitantly with Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors [see CONTRAINDICATIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS] Drug Dependence [see BOX WARNING, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and Drug Abuse And Dependence] Serious Cardiovascular Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Increases [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Psychiatric Adverse Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Suppression of Growth [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Peripheral Vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Serotonin Syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Clinical Trial Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder The safety data in this section is based on data from the 4-week parallel-group controlled clinical studies of VYVANSE in pediatric and adult patients with ADHD [see Clinical Studies]. Adverse Reactions Associated with Discontinuation of Treatment in ADHD Clinical Trials In the controlled trial in patients ages 6 to 12 years (Study 1), 8% (18/218) of VYVANSE-treated patients discontinued due to adverse reactions compared to 0% (0/72) of placebo-treated patients. The most frequently reported adverse reactions (1% or more and twice rate of placebo) were ECG voltage criteria for ventricular hypertrophy, tic, vomiting, psychomotor hyperactivity, insomnia, decreased appetite and rash [2 instances for each adverse reaction, i.e., 2/218 (1%)]. Less frequently reported adverse reactions (less than 1% or less than twice rate of placebo) included abdominal pain upper, dry mouth, weight decreased, dizziness, somnolence, logorrhea, chest pain, anger and hypertension. In the controlled trial in patients ages 13 to 17 years (Study 4), 3% (7/233) of VYVANSE-treated patients discontinued due to adverse reactions compared to 1% (1/77) of placebo-treated patients. The most frequently reported adverse reactions (1% or more and twice rate of placebo) were decreased appetite (2/233; 1%) and insomnia (2/233; 1%). Less frequently reported adverse reactions (less than 1% or less than twice rate of placebo) included irritability, dermatillomania, mood swings, and dyspnea. In the controlled adult trial (Study 7), 6% (21/358) of VYVANSE-treated patients discontinued due to adverse reactions compared to 2% (1/62) of placebo-treated patients. The most frequently reported adverse reactions (1% or more and twice rate of placebo) were insomnia (8/358; 2%), tachycardia (3/358; 1%), irritability (2/358; 1%), hypertension (4/358; 1%), headache (2/358; 1%), anxiety (2/358; 1%), and dyspnea (3/358; 1%). Less frequently reported adverse reactions (less than 1% or less than twice rate of placebo) included palpitations, diarrhea, nausea, decreased appetite, dizziness, agitation, depression, paranoia and restlessness. Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of ≥5% or More Among VYVANSE Treated Patients with ADHD in Clinical Trials The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5% and at a rate at least twice placebo) reported in children, adolescents, and/or adults were anorexia, anxiety, decreased appetite, decreased weight, diarrhea, dizziness, dry mouth, irritability, insomnia, nausea, upper abdominal pain, and vomiting. Adverse Reactions Occurring at an Incidence of 2% or More Among VYVANSE Treated Patients with ADHD in Clinical Trials Adverse reactions reported in the controlled trials in pediatric patients ages 6 to 12 years (Study 1), adolescent patients ages 13 to 17 years (Study 4), and adult patients (Study 7) treated with VYVANSE or placebo are presented in Tables 1, 2, and 3 below. Table 1: Adverse Reactions Reported by 2% or More of Children (Ages 6 to 12 Years) with ADHD Taking VYVANSE and at least Twice the Incidence in Patients Taking Placebo in a 4-Week Clinical Trial (Study 1) VYVANSE(n=218) Placebo(n=72) Decreased Appetite 39% 4% Insomnia 22% 3% Abdominal Pain Upper 12% 6% Irritability 10% 0% Vomiting 9% 4% Weight Decreased 9% 1% Nausea 6% 3% Dry Mouth 5% 0% Dizziness 5% 0% Affect lability 3% 0% Rash 3% 0% Pyrexia 2% 1% Somnolence 2% 1% Tic 2% 0% Anorexia 2% 0% Table 2: Adverse Reactions Reported by 2% or More of Adolescent (Ages 13 to 17 Years) Patients with ADHD Taking VYVANSE and at least Twice the Incidence in Patients Taking Placebo in a 4-Week Clinical Trial (Study 4) VYVANSE(n=233) Placebo(n=77) Decreased Appetite 34% 3% Insomnia 13% 4% Weight Decreased 9% 0% Dry Mouth 4% 1% Palpitations 2% 1% Anorexia 2% 0% Tremor 2% 0% Table 3: Adverse Reactions Reported by 2% or More of Adult Patients with ADHD Taking VYVANSE and at least Twice the Incidence in Patients Taking Placebo in a 4-Week Clinical Trial (Study 7) VYVANSE(n=358) Placebo(n=62) Decreased Appetite 27% 2% Insomnia 27% 8% Dry Mouth 26% 3% Diarrhea 7% 0% Nausea 7% 0% Anxiety 6% 0% Anorexia 5% 0% Feeling Jittery 4% 0% Agitation 3% 0% Increased Blood Pressure 3% 0% Hyperhidrosis 3% 0% Restlessness 3% 0% Decreased Weight 3% 0% Dyspnea 2% 0% Increased Heart Rate 2% 0% Tremor 2% 0% Palpitations 2% 0% In addition, in the adult population erectile dysfunction was observed in 2.6% of males on VYVANSE and 0% on placebo; decreased libido was observed in 1.4% of subjects on VYVANSE and 0% on placebo. Weight Loss and Slowing Growth Rate in Pediatric Patients with ADHD In a controlled trial of VYVANSE in children ages 6 to 12 years (Study 1), mean weight loss from baseline after 4 weeks of therapy was -0.9, -1.9, and -2.5 pounds, respectively, for patients receiving 30 mg, 50 mg, and 70 mg of VYVANSE, compared to a 1 pound weight gain for patients receiving placebo. Higher doses were associated with greater weight loss with 4 weeks of treatment. Careful follow-up for weight in children ages 6 to 12 years who received VYVANSE over 12 months suggests that consistently medicated children (i.e. treatment for 7 days per week throughout the year) have a slowing in growth rate, measured by body weight as demonstrated by an age-and sex-normalized mean change from baseline in percentile, of -13.4 over 1 year (average percentiles at baseline and 12 months were 60.9 and 47.2, respectively). In a 4-week controlled trial of VYVANSE in adolescents ages 13 to 17 years, mean weight loss from baseline to endpoint was -2.7, -4.3, and -4.8 lbs., respectively, for patients receiving 30 mg, 50 mg, and 70 mg of VYVANSE, compared to a 2.0 pound weight gain for patients receiving placebo. Careful follow-up of weight and height in children ages 7 to 10 years who were randomized to either methylphenidate or non-medication treatment groups over 14 months, as well as in naturalistic subgroups of newly methylphenidate-treated and non-medication treated children over 36 months (to the ages of 10 to 13 years), suggests that consistently medicated children (i.e. treatment for 7 days per week throughout the year) have a temporary slowing in growth rate (on average, a total of about 2 cm less growth in height and 2.7 kg less growth in weight over 3 years), without evidence of growth rebound during this period of development. In a controlled trial of amphetamine (d-to l-enantiomer ratio of 3:1) in adolescents, mean weight change from baseline within the initial 4 weeks of therapy was -1.1 pounds and -2.8 pounds, respectively, for patients receiving 10 mg and 20 mg of amphetamine. Higher doses were associated with greater weight loss within the initial 4 weeks of treatment [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Weight Loss in Adults with ADHD In the controlled adult trial (Study 7), mean weight loss after 4 weeks of therapy was 2.8 pounds, 3.1 pounds, and 4.3 pounds, for patients receiving final doses of 30 mg, 50 mg, and 70 mg of VYVANSE, respectively, compared to a mean weight gain of 0.5 pounds for patients receiving placebo. Binge Eating Disorder The safety data in this section is based on data from two 12 week parallel group, flexible-dose, placebo-controlled studies in adults with BED [see Clinical Studies]. Patients with cardiovascular risk factors other than obesity and smoking were excluded. Adverse Reactions Associated with Discontinuation of Treatment in BED Clinical Trials In controlled trials of patients ages 18 to 55 years, 5.1% (19/373) of VYVANSE-treated patients discontinued due to adverse reactions compared to 2.4% (9/372) of placebo-treated patients. No single adverse reaction led to discontinuation in 1% or more of VYVANSE-treated patients. Less commonly reported adverse reactions (less than 1% or less than twice rate of placebo) included increased heart rate, headache, abdominal pain upper, dyspnea, rash, insomnia, irritability, feeling jittery and anxiety. The most common adverse reactions (incidence ≥5% and at a rate at least twice placebo) reported in adults were dry mouth, insomnia, decreased appetite, increased heart rate, constipation, feeling jittery, and anxiety. Adverse reactions reported in the pooled controlled trials in adult patients (Study 11 and 12) treated with VYVANSE or placebo are presented in Table 4 below. Table 4: Adverse Reactions Reported by 2% or More of Adult Patients with BED Taking VYVANSE and at least Twice the Incidence in Patients Taking Placebo in 12-Week Clinical Trials (Study 11 and 12) VYVANSE (N=373) Placebo (N=372) Dry Mouth 36% 7% Insomnia1 20% 8% Decreased Appetite 8% 2% Increased Heart Rate2 7% 1% Feeling Jittery 6% 1% Constipation 6% 1% Anxiety 5% 1% Diarrhea 4% 2% Decreased Weight 4% 0% Hyperhidrosis 4% 0% Vomiting 2% 1% Gastroenteritis 2% 1% Paresthesia 2% 1% Pruritis 2% 1% Upper Abdominal Pain 2% 0% Energy Increased 2% 0% Urinary Tract Infection 2% 0% Nightmare 2% 0% Restlessness 2% 0% Oropharyngeal Pain 2% 0% 1 Includes all preferred terms containing the word “insomnia.” 2 Includes the preferred terms “heart rate increased” and “tachycardia.” Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of VYVANSE. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. These events are as follows: cardiomyopathy, mydriasis, diplopia, difficulties with visual accommodation, blurred vision, eosinophilic hepatitis, anaphylactic reaction, hypersensitivity, dyskinesia, dysgeusia, tics, bruxism, depression, dermatillomania, alopecia, aggression, Stevens-Johnson Syndrome, chest pain, angioedema, urticaria, seizures, libido changes, frequent or prolonged erections, constipation, and rhabdomyolysis. DRUG INTERACTIONS Drugs Having Clinically Important Interactions With Amphetamines Table 5: Drugs having clinically important interactions with amphetamines. MAO Inhibitors (MAOI) Clinical Impact MAOI antidepressants slow amphetamine metabolism, increasing amphetamines effect on the release of norepinephrine and other monoamines from adrenergic nerve endings causing headaches and other signs of hypertensive crisis. Toxic neurological effects and malignant hyperpyrexia can occur, sometimes with fatal results. Intervention Do not administer VYVANSE during or within 14 days following the administration of MAOI [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. Examples selegiline, isocarboxazid, phenelzine, tranylcypromine Serotonergic Drugs Clinical Impact The concomitant use of VYVANSE and serotonergic drugs increases the risk of serotonin syndrome. Intervention Initiate with lower doses and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome, particularly during VYVANSE initiation or dosage increase. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue VYVANSE and the concomitant serotonergic drug(s) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Examples selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRI), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, St. John’s Wort CYP2D6 Inhibitors Clinical Impact The concomitant use of VYVANSE and CYP2D6 inhibitors may increase the exposure of dextroamphetamine, the active metabolite of VYVANSE compared to the use of the drug alone and increase the risk of serotonin syndrome. Intervention Initiate with lower doses and monitor patients for signs and symptoms of serotonin syndrome particularly during VYVANSE initiation and after a dosage increase. If serotonin syndrome occurs, discontinue VYVANSE and the CYP2D6 inhibitor [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and OVERDOSE]. Examples paroxetine and fluoxetine (also serotonergic drugs), quinidine, ritonavir Alkalinizing Agents Clinical Impact Urinary alkalinizing agents can increase blood levels and potentiate the action of amphetamine. Intervention Co-administration of VYVANSE and urinary alkalinizing agents should be avoided. Examples Urinary alkalinizing agents (e.g. acetazolamide, some thiazides). Acidifying Agents Clinical Impact Urinary acidifying agents can lower blood levels and efficacy of amphetamines. Intervention Increase dose based on clinical response. Examples Urinary acidifying agents (e.g., ammonium chloride, sodium acid phosphate, methenamine salts). Tricyclic Antidepressants Clinical Impact May enhance the activity of tricyclic or sympathomimetic agents causing striking and sustained increases in the concentration of d-amphetamine in the brain; cardiovascular effects can be potentiated. Intervention Monitor frequently and adjust or use alternative therapy based on clinical response. Examples desipramine, protriptyline Drugs Having No Clinically Important Interactions With VYVANSE From a pharmacokinetic perspective, no dose adjustment of VYVANSE is necessary when VYVANSE is co-administered with guanfacine, venlafaxine, or omeprazole. In addition, no dose adjustment of guanfacine or venlafaxine is needed when VYVANSE is co-administered [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. From a pharmacokinetic perspective, no dose adjustment for drugs that are substrates of CYP1A2 (e.g. theophylline, duloxetine, melatonin), CYP2D6 (e.g. atomoxetine, desipramine, venlafaxine), CYP2C19 (e.g. omeprazole, lansoprazole, clobazam), and CYP3A4 (e.g. midazolam, pimozide, simvastatin) is necessary when VYVANSE is co-administered [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Drug Abuse And Dependence Controlled Substance VYVANSE contains lisdexamfetamine, a prodrug of amphetamine, a Schedule II controlled substance. Abuse CNS stimulants, including VYVANSE, other amphetamines, and methylphenidate-containing products have a high potential for abuse. Abuse is characterized by impaired control over drug use, compulsive use, continued use despite harm, and craving. Signs and symptoms of CNS stimulant abuse may include increased heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, and/or sweating, dilated pupils, hyperactivity, restlessness, insomnia, decreased appetite, loss of coordination, tremors, flushed skin, vomiting, and/or abdominal pain. Anxiety, psychosis, hostility, aggression, suicidal or homicidal ideation have also been seen. Abusers of CNS stimulants may chew, snort, inject, or use other unapproved routes of administration which can result in overdose and death [see OVERDOSE]. To reduce the abuse of CNS stimulants, including VYVANSE, assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing. After prescribing, keep careful prescription records, educate patients and their families about abuse and on proper storage and disposal of CNS stimulants, monitor for signs of abuse while on therapy, and re-evaluate the need for VYVANSE use. Studies Of VYVANSE In Drug Abusers A randomized, double-blind, placebo-control, cross-over, abuse liability study in 38 patients with a history of drug abuse was conducted with single-doses of 50, 100, or 150 mg of VYVANSE, 40 mg of immediate-release d-amphetamine sulphate (a controlled II substance), and 200 mg of diethylpropion hydrochloride (a controlled IV substance). VYVANSE 100 mg produced significantly less “Drug Liking Effects” as measured by the Drug Rating Questionnaire-Subject score, compared to d-amphetamine 40 mg; and 150 mg of VYVANSE demonstrated similar “Drug-Liking Effects” compared to 40 mg of d-amphetamine and 200 mg of diethylpropion. Intravenous administration of 50 mg lisdexamfetamine dimesylate to individuals with a history of drug abuse produced positive subjective responses on scales measuring "Drug Liking", "Euphoria", "Amphetamine Effects", and "Benzedrine Effects" that were greater than placebo but less than those produced by an equivalent dose (20 mg) of intravenous d-amphetamine. Dependence Tolerance Tolerance (a state of adaptation in which exposure to a drug results in a reduction of the drug’s desired and/or undesired effects over time) may occur during the chronic therapy of CNS stimulants including VYVANSE. Dependence Physical dependence (a state of adaptation manifested by a withdrawal syndrome produced by abrupt cessation, rapid dose reduction, or administration of an antagonist) may occur in patients treated with CNS stimulants including VYVANSE. Withdrawal symptoms after abrupt cessation following prolonged high-dosage administration of CNS stimulants include extreme fatigue and depression.

WARNINGS Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section PRECAUTIONS Potential For Abuse And Dependence CNS stimulants (amphetamines and methylphenidate-containing products), including VYVANSE, have a high potential for abuse and dependence. Assess the risk of abuse prior to prescribing, and monitor for signs of abuse and dependence while on therapy [see Drug Abuse And Dependence]. Serious Cardiovascular Reactions Sudden death, stroke and myocardial infarction have been reported in adults with CNS stimulant treatment at recommended doses. Sudden death has been reported in children and adolescents with structural cardiac abnormalities and other serious heart problems taking CNS stimulants at recommended doses for ADHD. Avoid use in patients with known structural cardiac abnormalities, cardiomyopathy, serious heart arrhythmia, coronary artery disease, and other serious heart problems. Further evaluate patients who develop exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or arrhythmias during VYVANSE treatment. Blood Pressure And Heart Rate Increases CNS stimulants cause an increase in blood pressure (mean increase about 2-4 mm Hg) and heart rate (mean increase about 3-6 bpm). Monitor all patients for potential tachycardia and hypertension. Psychiatric Adverse Reactions Exacerbation Of Pre-Existing Psychosis CNS stimulants may exacerbate symptoms of behavior disturbance and thought disorder in patients with a pre-existing psychotic disorder. Induction Of A Manic Episode In Patients With Bipolar Disorder CNS stimulants may induce a mixed/manic episode in patients with bipolar disorder. Prior to initiating treatment, screen patients for risk factors for developing a manic episode (e.g., comorbid or history of depressive symptoms or a family history of suicide, bipolar disorder, and depression). New Psychotic Or Manic Symptoms CNS stimulants, at recommended doses, may cause psychotic or manic symptoms, e.g. hallucinations, delusional thinking, or mania in children and adolescents without a prior history of psychotic illness or mania. If such symptoms occur, consider discontinuing VYVANSE. In a pooled analysis of multiple short-term, placebo-controlled studies of CNS stimulants, psychotic or manic symptoms occurred in 0.1% of CNS stimulant-treated patients compared to 0% in placebo-treated patients. Suppression Of Growth CNS stimulants have been associated with weight loss and slowing of growth rate in pediatric patients. Closely monitor growth (weight and height) in pediatric patients treated with CNS stimulants, including VYVANSE. In a 4-week, placebo-controlled trial of VYVANSE in patients ages 6 to 12 years old with ADHD, there was a dose-related decrease in weight in the VYVANSE groups compared to weight gain in the placebo group. Additionally, in studies of another stimulant, there was slowing of the increase in height [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Peripheral Vasculopathy, Including Raynaud’s Phenomenon Stimulants, including VYVANSE, are associated with peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon. Signs and symptoms are usually intermittent and mild; however, very rare sequelae include digital ulceration and/or soft tissue breakdown. Effects of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon, were observed in post-marketing reports at different times and at therapeutic doses in all age groups throughout the course of treatment. Signs and symptoms generally improve after reduction in dose or discontinuation of drug. Careful observation for digital changes is necessary during treatment with stimulants. Further clinical evaluation (e.g., rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients. Serotonin Syndrome Serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening reaction, may occur when amphetamines are used in combination with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter systems such as monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, and St. John’s Wort [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Amphetamines and amphetamine derivatives are known to be metabolized, to some degree, by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and display minor inhibition of CYP2D6 metabolism [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. The potential for a pharmacokinetic interaction exists with the co-administration of CYP2D6 inhibitors which may increase the risk with increased exposure to the active metabolite of VYVANSE (dextroamphetamine). In these situations, consider an alternative non-serotonergic drug or an alternative drug that does not inhibit CYP2D6 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Serotonin syndrome symptoms may include mental status changes (e.g., agitation, hallucinations, delirium, and coma), autonomic instability (e.g., tachycardia, labile blood pressure, dizziness, diaphoresis, flushing, hyperthermia), neuromuscular symptoms (e.g., tremor, rigidity, myoclonus, hyperreflexia, incoordination), seizures, and/or gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea). Concomitant use of VYVANSE with MAOI drugs is contraindicated [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. Discontinue treatment with VYVANSE and any concomitant serotonergic agents immediately if symptoms of serotonin syndrome occur, and initiate supportive symptomatic treatment. Concomitant use of VYVANSE with other serotonergic drugs or CYP2D6 inhibitors should be used only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk. If clinically warranted, consider initiating VYVANSE with lower doses, monitoring patients for the emergence of serotonin syndrome during drug initiation or titration, and informing patients of the increased risk for serotonin syndrome. Patient Counseling Information Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide). Controlled Substance Status/High Potential For Abuse And Dependence Advise patients that VYVANSE is a controlled substance and it can be abused and lead to dependence and not to give VYVANSE to anyone else [see Drug Abuse And Dependence]. Advise patients to store VYVANSE in a safe place, preferably locked, to prevent abuse. Advise patients to dispose of remaining, unused, or expired VYVANSE by a medicine take-back program. Serious Cardiovascular Risks Advise patients that there is a potential serious cardiovascular risk including sudden death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and hypertension with VYVANSE use. Instruct patients to contact a healthcare provider immediately if they develop symptoms such as exertional chest pain, unexplained syncope, or other symptoms suggestive of cardiac disease [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Hypertension And Tachycardia Instruct patients that VYVANSE can cause elevations of their blood pressure and pulse rate and they should be monitored for such effects. Psychiatric Risks Advise patients that VYVANSE at recommended doses may cause psychotic or manic symptoms even in patients without prior history of psychotic symptoms or mania [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Suppression Of Growth Advise patients that VYVANSE may cause slowing of growth including weight loss [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Impairment In Ability To Operate Machinery Or Vehicles Advise patients that VYVANSE may impair their ability to engage in potentially dangerous activities such as operating machinery or vehicles. Instruct patients to find out how VYVANSE will affect them before engaging in potentially dangerous activities [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Circulation Problems In Fingers And Toes [Peripheral Vasculopathy, Including Raynaud’s Phenomenon] Instruct patients beginning treatment with VYVANSE about the risk of peripheral vasculopathy, including Raynaud’s phenomenon, and associated signs and symptoms: fingers or toes may feel numb, cool, painful, and/or may change from pale, to blue, to red. Instruct patients to report to their physician any new numbness, pain, skin color change, or sensitivity to temperature in fingers or toes. Instruct patients to call their physician immediately with any signs of unexplained wounds appearing on fingers or toes while taking VYVANSE. Further clinical evaluation (e.g. rheumatology referral) may be appropriate for certain patients [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Serotonin Syndrome Caution patients about the risk of serotonin syndrome with concomitant use of VYVANSE and other serotonergic drugs including SSRIs, SNRIs, triptans, tricyclic antidepressants, fentanyl, lithium, tramadol, tryptophan, buspirone, St. John’s Wort, and with drugs that impair metabolism of serotonin (in particular MAOIs, both those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others such as linezolid [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS and DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Advise patients to contact their healthcare provider or report to the emergency room if they experience signs or symptoms of serotonin syndrome. Concomitant Medications Advise patients to notify their physicians if they are taking, or plan to take, any prescription or over-the-counter drugs because there is a potential for interactions [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Pregnancy Advise patients of the potential fetal effects from the use of VYVANSE during pregnancy. Advise patients to notify their healthcare provider if they become pregnant or intend to become pregnant during treatment with VYVANSE [see Use In Specific Populations]. Lactation Advise women not to breastfeed if they are taking VYVANSE [see Use In Specific Populations ]. Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, And Impairment Of Fertility Carcinogenesis Carcinogenicity studies of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate have not been performed. No evidence of carcinogenicity was found in studies in which d-, l-amphetamine (enantiomer ratio of 1:1) was administered to mice and rats in the diet for 2 years at doses of up to 30 mg/kg/day in male mice, 19 mg/kg/day in female mice, and 5 mg/kg/day in male and female rats. Mutagenesis Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate was not clastogenic in the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test in vivo and was negative when tested in the E. coli and S. typhimurium components of the Ames test and in the L5178Y/TK+-mouse lymphoma assay in vitro. Impairment Of Fertility Amphetamine (d-to l-enantiomer ratio of 3:1) did not adversely affect fertility or early embryonic development in the rat at doses of up to 20 mg/kg/day. Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Risk Summary The limited available data from published literature and postmarketing reports on use of VYVANSE in pregnant women are not sufficient to inform a drug-associated risk for major birth defects and miscarriage. Adverse pregnancy outcomes, including premature delivery and low birth weight, have been seen in infants born to mothers dependent on amphetamines [see Clinical Considerations]. In animal reproduction studies, lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (a prodrug of d-amphetamine) had no effects on embryo-fetal morphological development or survival when administered orally to pregnant rats and rabbits throughout the period of organogenesis. Pre-and postnatal studies were not conducted with lisdexamfetamine dimesylate. However, amphetamine (d-to l-ratio of 3:1) administration to pregnant rats during gestation and lactation caused a decrease in pup survival and a decrease in pup body weight that correlated with a delay in developmental landmarks at clinically relevant doses of amphetamine. In addition, adverse effects on reproductive performance were observed in pups whose mothers were treated with amphetamine. Long-term neurochemical and behavioral effects have also been reported in animal developmental studies using clinically relevant doses of amphetamine [see Data]. The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population is unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2-4% and 15-20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Fetal/Neonatal Adverse Reactions Amphetamines, such as VYVANSE, cause vasoconstriction and thereby may decrease placental perfusion. In addition, amphetamines can stimulate uterine contractions increasing the risk of premature delivery. Infants born to amphetamine-dependent mothers have an increased risk of premature delivery and low birth weight. Monitor infants born to mothers taking amphetamines for symptoms of withdrawal such as feeding difficulties, irritability, agitation, and excessive drowsiness. Data Animal Data Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate had no apparent effects on embryo-fetal morphological development or survival when administered orally to pregnant rats and rabbits throughout the period of organogenesis at doses of up to 40 and 120 mg/kg/day, respectively. These doses are approximately 4 and 27 times, respectively, the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) of 70 mg/day given to adolescents, on a mg/m2 body surface area basis. A study was conducted with amphetamine (d-to l-enantiomer ratio of 3:1) in which pregnant rats received daily oral doses of 2, 6, and 10 mg/kg from gestation day 6 to lactation day 20. These doses are approximately 0.8, 2, and 4 times the MRHD of amphetamine (d-to l-ratio of 3:1) for adolescents of 20 mg/day, on a mg/m2 basis. All doses caused hyperactivity and decreased weight gain in the dams. A decrease in pup survival was seen at all doses. A decrease in pup body weight was seen at 6 and 10 mg/kg which correlated with delays in developmental landmarks, such as preputial separation and vaginal opening. Increased pup locomotor activity was seen at 10 mg/kg on day 22 postpartum but not at 5 weeks postweaning. When pups were tested for reproductive performance at maturation, gestational weight gain, number of implantations, and number of delivered pups were decreased in the group whose mothers had been given 10 mg/kg. A number of studies from the literature in rodents indicate that prenatal or early postnatal exposure to amphetamine (d-or d,l-) at doses similar to those used clinically can result in longterm neurochemical and behavioral alterations. Reported behavioral effects include learning and memory deficits, altered locomotor activity, and changes in sexual function. Lactation Risk Summary Lisdexamfetamine is a pro-drug of dextroamphetamine. Based on limited case reports in published literature, amphetamine (d-or d, l-) is present in human milk, at relative infant doses of 2% to 13.8% of the maternal weight-adjusted dosage and a milk/plasma ratio ranging between 1.9 and 7.5. There are no reports of adverse effects on the breastfed infant. Long-term neurodevelopmental effects on infants from amphetamine exposure are unknown. It is possible that large dosages of dextroamphetamine might interfere with milk production, especially in women whose lactation is not well established. Because of the potential for serious adverse reactions in nursing infants, including serious cardiovascular reactions, blood pressure and heart rate increase, suppression of growth, and peripheral vasculopathy, advise patients that breastfeeding is not recommended during treatment with VYVANSE. Pediatric Use ADHD Safety and effectiveness have been established in pediatric patients with ADHD ages 6 to 17 years [see ADVERSE REACTIONS , CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY and Clinical Studies]. Safety and efficacy in pediatric patients below the age of 6 years have not been established. BED Safety and effectiveness in patients less than 18 years of age have not been established. Growth Suppression Growth should be monitored during treatment with stimulants, including VYVANSE, and children who are not growing or gaining weight as expected may need to have their treatment interrupted [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS , ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Juvenile Animal Data Studies conducted in juvenile rats and dogs at clinically relevant doses showed growth suppression that partially or fully reversed in dogs and female rats but not in male rats after a four-week drug-free recovery period. A study was conducted in which juvenile rats received oral doses of 4, 10, or 40 mg/kg/day of lisdexamfetamine dimesylate from day 7 to day 63 of age. These doses are approximately 0.3, 0.7, and 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose of 70 mg on a mg/m2 basis for a child. Dose-related decreases in food consumption, bodyweight gain, and crown-rump length were seen; after a four-week drug-free recovery period, bodyweights and crown-rump lengths had significantly recovered in females but were still substantially reduced in males. Time to vaginal opening was delayed in females at the highest dose, but there were no drug effects on fertility when the animals were mated beginning on day 85 of age. In a study in which juvenile dogs received lisdexamfetamine dimesylate for 6 months beginning at 10 weeks of age, decreased bodyweight gain was seen at all doses tested (2, 5, and 12 mg/kg/day, which are approximately 0.5, 1, and 3 times the maximum recommended human daily dose on a mg/m2 basis for a child). This effect partially or fully reversed during a four-week drug-free recovery period. Geriatric Use Clinical studies of VYVANSE did not include sufficient numbers of subjects aged 65 and over to determine whether they respond differently from younger subjects. Other reported clinical experience and pharmacokinetic data [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY] have not identified differences in responses between the elderly and younger patients. In general, dose selection for an elderly patient should start at the low end of the dosing range, reflecting the greater frequency of decreased hepatic, renal, or cardiac function, and of concomitant disease or other drug therapy. Renal Impairment Due to reduced clearance in patients with severe renal impairment (GFR 15 to < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2), the maximum dose should not exceed 50 mg/day. The maximum recommended dose in ESRD (GFR < 15 mL/min/1.73 m2) patients is 30 mg/day [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Lisdexamfetamine and d-amphetamine are not dialyzable. Gender No dosage adjustment of VYVANSE is necessary on the basis of gender [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY].