Prescription Drugs

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism of Action The precise mechanisms through which inhaled mannitol causes bronchoconstriction are not known. Pharmacodynamics The response to inhaled mannitol is reported as the delivered dose of mannitol causing a 15% reduction in FEV1 and is expressed as PD15. Pharmacokinetics Absorption The rate and extent of absorption of mannitol after oral inhalation was generally similar to that observed after oral administration. In a study of 18 healthy adult male subjects the absolute bioavailability of mannitol powder following oral inhalation was 59% while the relative bioavailability of inhaled mannitol in comparison to orally administered mannitol was 96%. Following oral inhalation of 635 mg, the mean mannitol peak plasma concentration (Cmax) was 13.71 mcg/mL while the mean extent of systemic exposure (AUC) was 73.15 mcg•hr/mL. The mean time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) after oral inhalation was 1.5 hour. Distribution Based on intravenous administration, the volume of distribution of mannitol was 34.3 L. Metabolism The extent of metabolism of mannitol appears to be small. This is evident from a urinary excretion of about 87% of unchanged drug after an intravenous dose to healthy subjects. Elimination Following oral inhalation, the elimination half-life of mannitol was 4.7 hours. The mean terminal elimination half-life for mannitol in plasma remained unchanged regardless of the route of administration (oral, inhalation, and intravenous). The urinary excretion rate versus time profile for mannitol was consistent for all routes of administration. The total clearance after intravenous administration was 5.1 L/hr while the renal clearance was 4.4 L/hr. Therefore, the clearance of mannitol was predominately via the kidney. Following inhalation of 635 mg of mannitol in 18 healthy subjects, about 55% of the total dose was excreted in the urine as unchanged mannitol. Following oral or intravenous administration of a 500 mg dose, the corresponding values were 54% and 87% of the dose, respectively. Hepatic and Renal Impairment Formal pharmacokinetic studies using ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) have not been conducted in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. Since the drug is eliminated primarily via the kidney, an increase in systemic exposure can be expected in renally impaired patients. Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology Reproductive Toxicology Studies Mannitol did not cause any embryofetal malformations when given to pregnant rats and mice at oral doses of 1.6 g/kg each (approximately 20 and 10 times the MRHDID in adults, respectively, on a mg/m² basis). Clinical Studies The effectiveness of the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test kit in assessing bronchial hyperresponsiveness in adults and children 6 years of age and older was assessed in two clinical studies. Study 1 was an operator-blinded, open-label crossover trial that assessed the sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) compared with a methacholine bronchial challenge test in detecting bronchial hyperresponsiveness in subjects with symptoms suggestive of asthma but without a definite diagnosis of asthma. During the course of the study subjects underwent three types of bronchial challenge tests utilizing exercise, ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , and methacholine. A positive exercise test was defined as a decrease in FEV1 ≥ 10%, a positive bronchial challenge test with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) was defined by either a decrease in FEV1 by ≥ 15% from baseline or a between-dose reduction in FEV1 ≥ 10%, and a positive methacholine response was defined as a decrease in FEV1 ≥ 20% after breathing methacholine at a concentration less than or equal to 16 mg/mL. The sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) and methacholine were then assessed relative to exercise testing which served as a common comparator. The sensitivity and specificity of ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) and methacholine challenges were also assessed using a blinded study physician's diagnosis of asthma at the end of the study. Five-hundred nine subjects aged 6 to 50 years were screened for enrolment with 419 and 420 subjects receiving at least one dose of mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL, or methacholine, respectively. The maximum cumulative dose of mannitol was 635 mg. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) and methacholine demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity in predicting bronchial hyperresponsiveness defined by a positive exercise challenge (Table 4). Table 4 : Comparisons of the sensitivity and specificity (calculated relative to exercise challenge) for the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) test and methacholine in Study 1 Population Treatment Sensitivity % (95% CI) Specificity % (95% CI) Overall Population (n=419) ARIDOL 58 (50, 65) 63 (57, 69) Methacholine 53 (46, 51) 68 (62, 73) Difference 5 (-4, 13) -5 (-12, 3) Age 6-11 years old (n=36) ARIDOL 67 (47, 87) 47 (21, 72) Methacholine 71 (52, 91) 33 (9, 57) Difference -5 (-29, 20) 17 (-29, 62) Age 12-17 years old (n=70) ARIDOL 55 (37, 72) 62 (46, 77) Methacholine 65 (48, 81) 64 (49, 79) Difference -10 (32, 13) -3 (-24, 19) Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) and methacholine also demonstrated similar sensitivity and specificity when calculated relative to a blinded study physician's diagnosis of asthma in subjects at the end of the study. The sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) in children and adolescents 6 to 17 years of age in Study 1 was similar to that in the overall population (Table 4). Study 2 was a crossover study comparing bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) to hypertonic (4.5%) saline in identifying bronchial hyperresponsiveness in subjects 6 to 83 years of age with (n=551) and without (n=95) asthma. In this study the efficacy endpoint of interest was an estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) with respect to a physician's clinical diagnosis of asthma. Following completion of the bronchial challenge tests with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) and hypertonic saline, a respiratory physician assessed the data and categorized the subjects as having or not having asthma. The sensitivity of the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test in subjects with a physician diagnosis of asthma was 58% [(54%, 62%, 95th CI)] compared to a sensitivity of the physician diagnosis in the same population of 97% [(95%, 98%, 95th CI)]. The specificity of the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test in subjects without asthma was 95% [(90%, 99%, 95th CI)] compared to the specificity of the physician diagnosis of 98% [(95%, 100%, 95th CI)].

ARIDOL™ (mannitol) Inhalation Powder Bronchial Challenge Test Kit WARNING RISK OF SEVERE BRONCHOSPASM Mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , acts as a bronchoconstrictor and may cause severe bronchospasm. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) is for diagnostic purposes only. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should only be conducted by trained professionals under the supervision of a physician familiar with all aspects of the bronchial challenge test and the management of acute bronchospasm. Medications (such as short acting inhaled beta-agonist) and equipment to treat severe bronchospasm must be present in the testing area. If severe bronchospasm occurs it should be treated immediately by administration of a short acting inhaled beta-agonist. Because of the potential for severe bronchoconstriction, the bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should not be performed in any patient with clinically apparent asthma or very low baseline pulmonary function tests (e.g., FEV1 < 1-1.5 liters or < 70% of the predicted values) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. DESCRIPTION D-mannitol (referred to throughout as mannitol), the active ingredient in ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) is a hexahydric alcohol, that is a sugar alcohol, with the following chemical name (2R,3R,4R,5R)-hexane-1,2,3,4,5,6­hexol and chemical structure: Mannitol is a white or almost white crystalline powder of free-flowing granules with an empirical formula of C6H14O6 and molecular weight of 182.2. Mannitol is freely soluble in water, and very slightly soluble in alcohol. Mannitol shows polymorphism. The ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test kit contains one single patient use dry powder inhaler and 3 consecutively numbered foil blister packs containing a total of 19 capsules of mannitol for oral inhalation. All except the 0 mg printed hard gelatin capsules contain dry powder mannitol for oral inhalation. The accompanying dry powder inhaler is a plastic device used for inhaling the capsules. All doses are to be administered using the same device supplied with each kit without washing or sterilizing the device at anytime during the test. To use the delivery system, a mannitol capsule is placed in the well of the inhaler, and the capsule is pierced by pressing and releasing the buttons on the side of the device. The mannitol dry powder is dispersed into the air stream when the patient inhales rapidly and deeply through the mouthpiece. There are no inactive ingredients in the mannitol capsules supplied with the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test kit. The 0 mg capsule and the bodies of the 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg capsules are clear. The white caps (5 mg) contain titanium dioxide. The yellow caps (10 mg) contain titanium dioxide and yellow iron oxide. The pink caps (20 mg) and red caps (40 mg) contain titanium dioxide and red iron dioxide. The inhaler is a plastic device used for administering mannitol to the lungs. The amount of drug delivered to the lung will depend on patient factors, such as inspiratory flow rate and inspiratory time. Under standardized in vitro testing at a fixed flow rate of 60 L/min for 2 seconds, the delivered dose from the inhaler from each of the 5, 10, 20 and 40 mg capsules is approximately 3.4, 7.7, 16.5 and 34.1 mg, respectively. Peak inspiratory flow rates (PIFR) achievable through the inhaler were evaluated in healthy and asthmatic individuals ranging from 7 to 65 years of age and with % FEV1 of predicted ranging from 67% to 123%. PIFR achieved in the study was at least 70.8 L/min in all subjects assessed. The mean PIFR was 118.2 L/min and approximately ninety percent of each population studied generated a PIFR through the device exceeding 90 L/min.

INDICATIONS Mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , is a sugar alcohol indicated for the assessment of bronchial hyperresponsiveness in patients 6 years of age or older who do not have clinically apparent asthma. Limitations of Use ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) is not a stand alone test or a screening test for asthma. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should be used only as part of a physician's DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Basic Dosing Information ARIDOL is a test kit containing the required capsules of dry powder mannitol for oral inhalation in graduated doses with the supplied single patient use inhaler necessary to perform one bronchial challenge test. The inhaler should be discarded after use. Do not swallow ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) capsules. The airway response to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) is measured using forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1). Prior to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , standard spirometry should be performed and the reproducibility of the resting FEV1 established. An overview of the testing procedure can be found below. See the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test instructions for complete instructions on the dosing and spirometry procedures. A nose clip may be used if preferred. If so, apply nose clip to the subject and direct the subject to breathe through the mouth Insert 0 mg capsule into inhalation device. Puncture capsule by depressing buttons on side of device slowly, and once only (a second puncture may fragment the capsules) The patient should exhale completely, before inhaling from device in a controlled rapid deep inspiration At the end of deep inspiration, start 60 second timer, subject should hold breath for 5 seconds and exhale through mouth before removal of nose clip At the end of 60 seconds, measure the FEV1 in duplicate (the measurement after inhaling the 0 mg capsule is the baseline FEV1) Repeat steps a-e following the mannitol capsule dose steps from Table 1 below until the patient has a positive response or 635 mg of mannitol has been administered (negative test) Table 1: Mannitol dose steps for bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) Dose # Dose mg Cumulative Dose mg Capsules per dose 1 0 0 1 2 5 5 1 3 10 15 1 4 20 35 1 5 40 75 1 6 80 155 2 x 40 mg 7 160 315 4 x 40 mg 8 160 475 4 x 40 mg 9 160 635 4 x 40 mg A positive response is achieved when the patient experiences a 15% reduction in FEV1 from (0 mg) baseline (or a 10% incremental reduction in FEV1 between consecutive doses). The test result is expressed as a PD15. Patients with either a positive response to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) or significant respiratory symptoms should receive a standard dose of a short acting inhaled beta-agonist and monitored until fully recovered to within baseline. HOW SUPPLIED Dosage Forms And Strengths ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) is a bronchial challenge test kit. Each kit contains one, single patient use, dry powder inhaler device and 3 consecutively numbered foil blister packs containing a total of 19 capsules of mannitol for oral inhalation as described below: Blister pack “1”: Marked 1 - 1 x empty clear capsule Marked 2 - 1 x 5 mg white/clear capsule printed with 5 mg Marked 3 - 1 x 10 mg yellow/clear capsule printed with 10 mg Marked 4 - 1 x 20 mg pink/clear capsule printed with 20 mg Blister pack “2”: Marked 5 - 1 x 40 mg red/clear capsule printed with 40 mg Marked 6 – 2 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 7 – 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Blister pack “3”: Marked 8 – 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 9 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Storage And Handling ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) is a bronchial challenge test kit. Each kit contains one single patient use, dry powder inhaler device and 3 consecutively numbered foil blister packs containing a total of 19 capsules of mannitol for oral inhalation as described below: Blister pack “1”: Marked 1 - 1 x empty clear capsule Marked 2 - 1 x 5 mg white/clear capsule printed with 5 mg Marked 3 - 1 x 10 mg yellow/clear capsule printed with 10 mg Marked 4 - 1 x 20 mg pink/clear capsule printed with 20 mg Blister pack “2”: Marked 5 - 1 x 40 mg red/clear capsule printed with 40 mg Marked 6 – 2 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 7 – 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Blister pack “3”: Marked 8 – 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg Marked 9 - 4 x 40 mg red/clear capsules printed with 40 mg NDC-44178-XXX-XX ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should be stored below 77°F (25°C) with excursions permitted between 59-86°F (15-30°C). [See USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Do not freeze. Do not refrigerate. The ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test should only be used with the provided inhaler. All remaining unused (opened and unopened) blister packs and the inhaler should be properly discarded at the completion of the test. Be sure to read the accompanying ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test kit instructions completely before test initiation. If you have any questions, contact the manufacturer support at 1-888-659-6396. Manufactured by: Pharmaxis Ltd, Unit 2, 10 Rodborough Rd, Frenchs Forest NSW 2086, AUSTRALIA. Manufactured for: Pharmaxis, Inc. One East Uwchlan Avenue, Suite 405, Exton, PA 19341. 1-888-659-6396. www.aridol (mannitol inhalation powder) .info

PATIENT INFORMATION Severe Bronchospasm Prior to administration patients should be informed of the potential for bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) to cause severe bronchospasm and of the potential symptoms they may experience. Subjects with Certain Co-morbid Conditions Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should be performed with caution in patients having severe cough, ventilatory impairment, spirometry-induced bronchoconstriction, hemoptysis of unknown origin, pneumothorax, recent abdominal or thoracic surgery, recent intraocular surgery, unstable angina, or active upper or lower respiratory tract infection or other conditions that may worsen with the use of a bronchial irritant.

SIDE EFFECTS Mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , is a sugar alcohol that may cause severe bronchospasm in susceptible subjects [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. The safety population for the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test consisted of 1,082 subjects (577 females and 505 males) including patients with asthma, symptoms suggestive of asthma, and healthy individuals from 6 to 83 years of age who participated in the two clinical trials (Studies 1 and 2). The racial distribution of subjects was 84% Caucasian, 5 % Asian, 4 % Black, and 7 % Other. Children and adolescents comprised 23% of the total study population with 118 children aged 6-11 years and 128 adolescents aged 12-17 years. Adverse reactions were reported at the time of the testing procedure and for one day thereafter. No serious adverse reactions were reported following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) in either trial. Five adult subjects (0.6%) discontinued from the studies within a day following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) because of cough, decreased lung function, feeling jittery, sore throat, and throat irritation. One adult subject (0.3%) discontinued following the methacholine bronchial challenge test because of dizziness. One pediatric subject (0.4%) discontinued from the studies within a day following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) because of retching. Table 2 displays the combined common adverse reactions ( ≥ 1%) within a day after bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) or methacholine in the overall population for Studies 1 and 2. Table 2: Adverse reactions with an incidence ≥ 1% within a day after bronchial challenge testing (overall population, Studies 1 and 2 combined) Adverse Reactions Treatment ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) (N=1046) n (%) Methacholine Challenge (N=420) n (%) Headache 59 (6) 4 (1) Pharyngolaryngeal pain 25 (2) 0 Throat irritation 19 (2) 1 ( < 1) Nausea 19 (2) 0 Cough 17 (2) 8 (2) Rhinorrhea 16 (2) 0 Dyspnea 15 (1) 21 (5) Chest discomfort 13 (1) 18 (4) Wheezing 8 (1) 6 (1) Retching 6 (1) 0 Dizziness 5 (1) 13 (3) The maximum reduction in FEV1 following bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) was 46%, compared to 54% for exercise testing and 67% for the methacholine challenge. The incidences in decreases in FEV1 ≥ 30% and ≥ 60% following ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , methacholine, and exercise challenges for Studies 1 and 2 is shown in Table 3. Table 3: Incidence of decreases in FEV1 ≥ 30% or ≥ 60% (overall population, Studies 1 and 2) Challenge No. Exposed N (%) with Fall in FEV1 ≥ 30% N (%) with Fall in FEV1 ≥ 60% Study 1 Exercise 435 27 (6%) 0 Methacholine 420 51 (12%) 3 (1%) ARIDOL 419 3 (1%) 0 Study 2 ARIDOL asthmatics 536 23 (4%) 0 ARIDOL Non-asthmatics 91 0 0 There were no differences in the incidence of adverse reactions based on gender or race. The clinical trials did not include sufficient numbers of subjects 65 years of age and older to determine whether they respond differently compared to subjects below 65 years of age. Children and Adolescent Aged 6 to 17 Years Overall, the types and severities of adverse reactions in children were similar to those observed in the adult population. As in the adult population, the adverse reactions of pharyngolaryngeal pain, nausea, and headache were the more common with incidences of 4%, 3%, and 3%, respectively. There were no major differences in the types of adverse reactions observed in children 6-11 years of age compared to adolescents 12-17 years old. The decrease in FEV1 in children and adolescents who received the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test was similar to that of the adult population with 5%, 15% and 9% of pediatric subjects who had bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , methacholine and exercise, respectively, experiencing reduction in FEV1 ≥ 30%. No patient who had bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) or exercise had a decrease in FEV1 ≥ 60%, whereas, one adolescent patient (aged 12 years) who received methacholine had a decrease in FEV1 ≥ 60%. Post-Marketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified post approval outside the U.S. of the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test kit: cough, gagging, wheeze, and decreased forced expiratory volume. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. DRUG INTERACTIONS No formal drug-drug interaction studies were conducted with mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) .

WARNINGS Included as part of the PRECAUTIONS section. PRECAUTIONS Severe Bronchospasm Mannitol, the active ingredient in ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , acts as a bronchoconstrictor and may cause severe bronchospasm in susceptible patients. The test should only be conducted by trained professionals under the supervision of a physician familiar with all aspects of the bronchial challenge test and the management of acute bronchospasm. Patients should not be left unattended during the bronchial challenge test. Medications and equipment to treat severe bronchospasm must be present in the testing area. If a patient has a ≥ 10% reduction in FEV1 (from pre-challenge FEV1) on administration of the 0 mg capsule, the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test should be discontinued and the patient should be given a dose of a short acting inhaled beta-agonist and monitored accordingly. Patients with either a positive response to bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) or significant respiratory symptoms should receive a short acting inhaled beta-agonist. Subjects should be monitored until fully recovered to within baseline. Subjects with Co-morbid Conditions Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should be performed with caution in patients with conditions that may increase sensitivity to the bronchoconstricting or other potential effects of ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) such as severe cough, ventilatory impairment, spirometry-induced bronchoconstriction, hemoptysis of unknown origin, pneumothorax, recent abdominal or thoracic surgery, recent intraocular surgery, unstable angina, or active upper or lower respiratory tract infection. Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility In 2-year carcinogenicity studies in rats and mice mannitol did not show evidence of carcinogenicity at oral dietary concentrations up to 5% (or 7,500 mg/kg on a mg/kg basis). These doses were approximately 55 and 30 times the MRHDID, respectively, on a mg/m² basis. Mannitol tested negative in the following assays: bacterial gene mutation assay, in vitro mouse lymphoma assay, in vitro chromosomal aberration assay in WI-38 human cells, in vivo chromosomal aberration assay in rat bone marrow, in vivo dominant lethal assay in rats, and in vivo mouse micronucleus assay. The effect of inhaled mannitol on fertility has not been investigated. Use In Specific Populations Pregnancy Pregnancy Category C There are no adequate and well-controlled clinical studies of mannitol in pregnant women. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should be performed during pregnancy only if the potential benefit justifies the potential risk to the fetus. Teratogenic Effects Mannitol was not teratogenic. Mannitol did not cause any embryofetal malformations when given to pregnant rats and mice at oral doses approximately 20 and 10 times the maximum recommended human daily inhalation dose (MRHDID) in adults, respectively, on a mg/m² basis [see Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology]. Labor and Delivery The effects of a possible hyperresponsiveness reaction on a mother or child during labor or delivery are not known, and therefore bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should not be administered during labor or delivery. Nursing Mothers It is not known whether mannitol is excreted in human milk. Because many drugs are excreted in human milk, caution should be exercised when mannitol is given to a nursing mother. Pediatric Use A total of 246 children and adolescents ages 6 to 17 years were studied in the two clinical trials [see Clinical Studies]. The mean and median maximum percentage reduction in FEV1 in patients with a positive ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) challenge test in children and adolescents 6 to 17 years of age (19% and 18%, respectively) showed no apparent difference compared to the adult population (19% and 18%, respectively). The safety profile of the ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) bronchial challenge test in children and adolescents 6 to 17 years of age was similar to the adult population in two clinical studies [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) should not be performed in children less than 6 years of age due to their inability to provide reliable spirometric measurements. Geriatric Use There was insufficient number of subjects 50 years of age and older in the clinical program. Therefore, the safety and efficacy of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) in the older population cannot be adequately assessed. It is unknown whether any differences in the safety and efficacy of bronchial challenge testing with ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) exist between subjects 50 years of age and older and younger subjects. Hepatic and Renal Impairment Formal pharmacokinetic studies with mannitol, the active ingredient, in ARIDOL (mannitol inhalation powder) , have not been conducted in patients with hepatic or renal impairment. However, an increase in systemic exposure of mannitol can be expected in patients with renal impairment based on the kidney being its primary route of elimination. Given parenterally, mannitol is used as an osmotic diuretic in a variety of clinical situations including acute renal failure where the osmotic effects of mannitol inhibit the rate of water re-absorption and maintain the rate of urine production.