Prescription Drugs

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY Mechanism Of Action Oxycodone is a full opioid agonist and is relatively selective for the mu-opioid receptor, although it can bind to other opioid receptors at higher doses. The principal therapeutic action of oxycodone is analgesia. Like all full opioid agonists, there is no ceiling effect for analgesia with oxycodone. Clinically, dosage is titrated to provide adequate analgesia and may be limited by adverse reactions, including respiratory and CNS depression. The precise mechanism of the analgesic action is unknown. However, specific CNS opioid receptors for endogenous compounds with opioid-like activity have been identified throughout the brain and spinal cord and are thought to play a role in the analgesic effects of this drug Pharmacodynamics Effects On The Central Nervous System Oxycodone produces respiratory depression by direct action on brain stem respiratory centers. The respiratory depression involves a reduction in the responsiveness of the brain stem respiratory centers to both increases in carbon dioxide tension and electrical stimulation. Oxycodone causes miosis, even in total darkness. Pinpoint pupils are a sign of opioid overdose but are not pathognomonic (e.g., pontine lesions of hemorrhagic or ischemic origins may produce similar findings). Marked mydriasis rather than miosis may be seen due to hypoxia in overdose situations. Effects On Gastrointestinal Tract And Other Smooth Muscle Oxycodone causes a reduction in motility associated with an increase in smooth muscle tone in the antrum, stomach, and duodenum. Digestion of food in the small intestine is delayed and propulsive contractions are decreased. Propulsive peristaltic waves in the colon are decreased, while tone may be increased to the point of spasm, resulting in constipation. Other opioid-induced effects may include a reduction in biliary and pancreatic secretions, spasm of sphincter of Oddi, and transient elevations in serum amylase. Effects On Cardiovascular System Oxycodone produces peripheral vasodilatation, which may result in orthostatic hypotension or syncope. Manifestations of histamine release and/or peripheral vasodilatation may include pruritus, flushing, red eyes, sweating, and/or orthostatic hypotension. Effects On The Endocrine System Opioids inhibit the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and luteinizing hormone (LH) in humans [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. They also stimulate prolactin, growth hormone (GH) secretion, and pancreatic secretion of insulin and glucagon. Chronic use of opioids may influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, leading to androgen deficiency that may manifest as low libido, impotence, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea, or infertility. The causal role of opioids in the clinical syndrome of hypogonadism is unknown because the various medical, physical, lifestyle, and psychological stressors that may influence gonadal hormone levels have not been adequately controlled for in studies conducted to date [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Effects On The Immune System Opioids have been shown to have a variety of effects on components of the immune system in in vitro and animal models. The clinical significance of these findings is unknown. Overall, the effects of opioids appear to be modestly immunosuppressive. Concentration–Efficacy Relationships The minimum effective analgesic concentration will vary widely among patients, especially among patients who have been previously treated with potent agonist opioids. The minimum effective analgesic concentration of oxycodone for any individual patient may increase over time due to an increase in pain, the development of a new pain syndrome, and/or the development of analgesic tolerance [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Concentration–Adverse Reaction Relationships There is a relationship between increasing oxycodone plasma concentration and increasing frequency of dose-related opioid adverse reactions such as nausea, vomiting, CNS effects, and respiratory depression. In opioid-tolerant patients, the situation may be altered by the development of tolerance to opioid-related adverse reactions [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Pharmacokinetics The activity of ROXYBOND tablets is primarily due to the parent drug oxycodone. ROXYBOND tablets are designed to provide immediate-release of oxycodone. Oxycodone pharmacokinetics are similar for ROXYBOND and oxycodone immediate-release tablets. In the fasted state, the extent of absorption (AUC) is equivalent, the rate of absorption (Cmax) is similar, and median Tmax is slightly longer (1.0 to 1.8 h). Table 4. Pharmacokinetic Parameters (Mean &± SD) Dose\Parameters AUC0-t (ng•hr/mL) AUC0-inf (ng•hr/mL) Cmax (ng/mL) Tmax (hr) Half-Life (hr) Single Dose Pharmacokinetics Study ROXYBOND 5 mg tab (fasted) 45.5 ± 15.4 49.0 ± 16.1 8.3 ± 2.1 1.5a (0.7 to 5.0) 3.9 ± 1.2 ROXYBOND 15 mg tab (fasted) 127.5 ± 38.1 131.6 ± 39.0 22.0 ± 5.8 1.7a (1.0 to 12.0) 4.1 ± 0.8 ROXYBOND 30 mg tab (fasted) 277.0 ± 89.6 285.8 ± 94.1 48.5 ± 15.9 1.5a (1.0 to 8.0) 4.3 ± 1.0 Single Dose Food-Effect Study ROXYBOND 30 mg tab (fasted) 287.4 ± 65.8 292.7 ± 67.4 57.8 ± 18.0 1.8a (0.8 to 5.0) 3.8 ± 0.7 ROXYBOND 30 mg tab (fed) 354.2 ± 82.5 361.9 ± 86.7 68.0 ± 20.1 2.0a (1.0 to 6.1) 3.9 ± 0.6 a Median (range) Absorption About 60% to 87% of an oral dose of oxycodone reaches the systemic circulation in comparison to a parenteral dose. This high oral bioavailability (compared to other oral opioids) is due to lower presystemic and/or first-pass metabolism of oxycodone. Dose proportionality of oxycodone has been established using the ROXYBOND 5 mg, 15 mg, and 30 mg tablets based on maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) and extent of absorption (AUC) (Figure 2). It takes approximately 18 to 24 hours to reach steady-state plasma concentrations of oxycodone with oxycodone hydrochloride. Figure 2. Mean Oxycodone Pharmacokinetic Profiles of 5-, 15-, 30-mg ROXYBOND Tablets (n=51) Food Effect A single-dose food effect study was conducted in normal volunteers using the 30-mg tablet. The concurrent intake of a high fat meal was shown to enhance the extent (23% increase in AUC), and the rate (18% increase in Cmax) of oxycodone absorption from the 30-mg tablet (Table 4). In addition, food caused a slight delay in Tmax (1.8 to 2 hours). Similar effects of food are expected with the 5-mg and 15-mg tablets. Distribution Following intravenous administration, the volume of distribution (Vss) for oxycodone was 2.6 L/kg. Plasma protein binding of oxycodone at 37°C and a pH of 7.4 was about 45%. Oxycodone has been found in breast milk [see Use In Specific Populations]. Elimination Metabolism A high proportion of oxycodone is N-dealkylated to noroxycodone during first-pass metabolism, and is catalyzed by CYP3A4. Oxymorphone is formed by the O-demethylation of oxycodone. The metabolism of oxycodone to oxymorphone is catalyzed by CYP2D6 [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Free and conjugated noroxycodone, free and conjugated oxycodone, and oxymorphone are excreted in human urine following a single oral dose of oxycodone. The major circulating metabolite is noroxycodone with an AUC ratio of 0.6 relative to that of oxycodone. Oxymorphone is present in the plasma only in low concentrations. The analgesic activity profile of other metabolites is not known at present. Excretion Oxycodone and its metabolites are excreted primarily via the kidney. The amounts measured in the urine have been reported as follows: free oxycodone up to 19%; conjugated oxycodone up to 50%; free oxymorphone 0%; conjugated oxymorphone ≤ 14%; both free and conjugated noroxycodone have been found in the urine but not quantified. The total plasma clearance was 0.8 L/min for adults. Apparent elimination half-life of oxycodone following the administration of ROXYBOND was 3.8 to 4.3 hours. Specific Populations Age Geriatric Patients Population pharmacokinetic studies conducted with oxycodone hydrochloride, indicated that the plasma concentrations of oxycodone did not appear to be increased in patients over the age of 65. Hepatic Impairment In a clinical trial supporting the development of oxycodone hydrochloride tablets, too few patients with decreased hepatic function were evaluated to study these potential differences. However, because oxycodone is extensively metabolized in the liver, its clearance may decrease in hepatic impaired patients [see Use In Specific Populations]. Renal Impairment This drug is known to be substantially excreted by the kidney, and the risk of adverse reactions to this drug may be greater in patients with impaired renal function [see Use In Specific Populations].

ROXYBOND™ (oxycodone hydrochloride) Tablets USP WARNING ADDICTION, ABUSE, AND MISUSE; LIFE-THREATENING RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; ACCIDENTAL INGESTION; NEONATAL OPIOID WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME; CYTOCHROME P450 3A4 INTERACTION; and RISKS FROM CONCOMITANT USE WITH BENZODIAZEPINES OR OTHER CNS DEPRESSANTS Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse ROXYBOND exposes patients and other users to the risks of opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death. Assess each patient’s risk prior to prescribing ROXYBOND, and monitor all patients regularly for the development of these behaviors and conditions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression may occur with use of ROXYBOND. Monitor for respiratory depression, especially during initiation of ROXYBOND or following a dose increase. [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Accidental Ingestion Accidental ingestion of even one dose of ROXYBOND, especially by children, can result in a fatal overdose of oxycodone [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Prolonged use of ROXYBOND during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. If opioid use is required for a prolonged period in a pregnant woman, advise the patient of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Cytochrome P450 3A4 Interaction The concomitant use of ROXYBOND with all cytochrome P450 3A4 inhibitors may result in an increase in oxycodone plasma concentrations, which could increase or prolong adverse reactions and may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression. In addition, discontinuation of a concomitantly used cytochrome P450 3A4 inducer may result in an increase in oxycodone plasma concentration. Monitor patients receiving ROXYBOND and any CYP3A4 inhibitor or inducer [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Risks From Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS Depressants Concomitant use of opioids with benzodiazepines or other central nervous system (CNS) depressants, including alcohol, may result in profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Reserve concomitant prescribing of ROXYBOND and benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. DESCRIPTION ROXYBOND (oxycodone hydrochloride) tablets for oral administration are available in 5 mg, 15 mg, and 30 mg strengths, each containing an equivalent of 4.5 mg, 13.5 mg, and 27 mg of oxycodone free base, respectively. Oxycodone hydrochloride is an opioid agonist. It is a white, odorless crystalline powder derived from the opium alkaloid, thebaine. Oxycodone hydrochloride dissolves in water (1 g in 6 to 7 mL) and is considered slightly soluble in alcohol (octanol water partition coefficient is 0.7). Chemically, oxycodone hydrochloride is 4, 5α-epoxy-14-hydroxy-3-methoxy-17methylmorphinan-6-one hydrochloride and has the following structural formula: Each ROXYBOND tablet contains the following inactive ingredients common to all strengths: alginic acid, ammonium hydroxide, colloidal silicon dioxide, dibutyl sebacate, dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate copolymer, ethyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate copolymer dispersion, ethylcellulose, hypromellose, iron oxide black, isopropyl alcohol, lactose monohydrate, magnesium stearate, mannitol, microcrystalline cellulose, n-butyl alcohol, polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, polyvinyl alcohol, propylene glycol, shellac in ethanol, sodium alginate, talc, titanium dioxide, and xanthan gum. The 15 mg ROXYBOND tablets also contain: FD&C Blue No. 2 and iron oxide yellow. The 30 mg ROXYBOND tablets also contain: FD&C Blue No. 2.

INDICATIONS ROXYBOND is indicated for the management of pain severe enough to require an opioid analgesic and for which alternative treatments are inadequate. Limitations Of Use Because of the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse with opioids, even at recommended doses [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS], reserve ROXYBOND for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options (e.g., non-opioid analgesics or opioid combination products): Have not been tolerated or are not expected to be tolerated, Have not provided adequate analgesia or are not expected to provide adequate analgesia. DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Important Dosage And Administration Instructions Use the lowest effective dosage for the shortest duration consistent with individual patient treatment goals [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Initiate the dosing regimen for each patient individually, taking into account the patient's severity of pain, patient response, prior analgesic treatment experience, and risk factors for addiction, abuse, and misuse [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy and following dosage increases with ROXYBOND and adjust the dosage accordingly [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Initial Dosage Use Of ROXYBOND As The First Opioid Analgesic Initiate treatment with ROXYBOND in a dosing range of 5 to 15 mg every 4 to 6 hours as needed for pain. Titrate the dose based upon the individual patient’s response to their initial dose of ROXYBOND. This dose can then be adjusted to an acceptable level of analgesia taking into account side effects experienced by the patient. For control of severe chronic pain, consider dosing ROXYBOND on a regularly scheduled basis, every 4 to 6 hours, at the lowest dosage level that will achieve adequate analgesia. Although it is not possible to list every condition that is important to the selection of the initial dose of ROXYBOND, attention should be given to: 1) the daily dose, potency, and characteristics of any prior opioid 2) the reliability of any relative potency estimate used to calculate the dose of oxycodone needed, 3) the degree of opioid tolerance, 4) the general condition and medical status of the patient, and 5) the balance between pain control and adverse experiences. Conversion From Other Opioids To ROXYBOND There is inter-patient variability in the potency of opioid drugs and opioid formulations. Therefore, a conservative approach is advised when determining the total daily dosage of ROXYBOND. It is safer to underestimate a patient’s 24-hour ROXYBOND dosage than to overestimate the 24-hour ROXYBOND dosage and manage an adverse reaction due to overdose. If a patient has been receiving opioid-containing medications prior to taking ROXYBOND, the potency of the prior opioid relative to oxycodone should be factored into the selection of the total daily dose (TDD) of oxycodone. In converting patients from other opioids to ROXYBOND, close observation and adjustment of dosage based upon the patient’s response to ROXYBOND is imperative. Administration of supplemental analgesia for breakthrough or incident pain and titration of the TDD of ROXYBOND may be necessary, especially in patients who have disease states that are changing rapidly. Conversion From Fixed-Ratio Opioid/Acetaminophen, Opioid/Aspirin, Or Opioid/Nonsteroidal Combination Drugs When converting patients from fixed ratio opioid/non-opioid drug regimens, a decision should be made whether or not to continue the non-opioid analgesic. If a decision is made to discontinue the use of non-opioid analgesic, it may be necessary to titrate the dose of ROXYBOND in response to the level of analgesia and adverse effects afforded by the dosing regimen. If the non-opioid regimen is continued as a separate single entity agent, the starting dose of ROXYBOND should be based upon the most recent dose of opioid as a baseline for further titration of oxycodone. Incremental increases should be gauged according to side effects to an acceptable level of analgesia. Conversion From ROXYBOND To Extended-Release Oxycodone The relative bioavailability of ROXYBOND compared to extended-release oxycodone pr o du c t s is unknown, so conversion to extended-release oxycodone must be accompanied by close observation for signs of excessive sedation and respiratory depression. Conversion From Oxycodone Immediate-Release Tablets Oxycodone pharmacokinetics are similar for ROXYBOND and oxycodone immediate-release tablets. Patients can be converted from oxycodone immediate-release to the same dose and dosing regimen of ROXYBOND. Titration And Maintenance Of Therapy Individually titrate ROXYBOND to a dose that provides adequate analgesia and minimizes adverse reactions. Continually reevaluate patients receiving ROXYBOND to assess the maintenance of pain control and the relative incidence of adverse reactions, as well as monitoring for the development of addiction, abuse, or misuse [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Frequent communication is important among the prescriber, other members of the healthcare team, the patient, and the caregiver/family during periods of changing analgesic requirements, including initial titration. If the level of pain increases after dosage stabilization, attempt to identify the source of increased pain before increasing the ROXYBOND dosage. If unacceptable opioid-related adverse reactions are observed, consider reducing the dosage. Adjust the dosage to obtain an appropriate balance between management of pain and opioid-related adverse reactions. Discontinuation Of ROXYBOND When a patient who has been taking ROXYBOND regularly and may be physically-dependent no longer requires therapy with ROXYBOND, taper the dose gradually, by 25% to 50% every 2 to 4 days, while monitoring carefully for signs and symptoms of withdrawal. If the patient develops these signs or symptoms, raise the dose to the previous level and taper more slowly, either by increasing the interval between decreases, decreasing the amount of change in dose, or both. Do not abruptly discontinue ROXYBOND in a physically-dependent patient [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Drug Abuse And Dependence]. HOW SUPPLIED Dosage Forms And Strengths ROXYBOND (oxycodone hydrochloride) tablets, 5 mg, 15 mg and 30 mg with the following characteristics: Strength Tablet Shape Tablet Color Ink-Print on Tablet Side 1 Ink-Print on Tablet Side 2 5 mg Round coated tablets White IDT/O 5 None 15 mg Green IDT/O 15 None 30 mg Blue IDT/O 30 None Storage And Handling ROXYBOND (oxycodone hydrochloride) tablets are supplied as 5 mg, 15 mg, and 30 mg strength round and color coated tablets with ink-prints on one side. The tablets are packaged in 100 tablet opaque HDPE bottles. NDC Strength Tablet Shape Tablet Color Ink-Print on Tablet Side 1 Ink-Print on Tablet Side 2 69296-005-01 5 mg Round coated tablets White IDT/O 5 None 69296-006-01 15 mg Green IDT/O 15 None 69296-007-01 30 mg Blue IDT/O 30 None Dispense in a tight, light-resistant container, with a child-resistant closure. Protect from moisture. Store at controlled room temperature, 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F), with excursions to 15°C to 30°C (59°F to 86°F). Manufactured by: Cerovene for Inspirion Delivery Sciences LLC, Valley Cottage, NY 10989-2027 USA. Revised: April 2017

PATIENT INFORMATION ROXYBOND (\'räk-se-'bänd\) (oxycodone hydrochloride) Tablets USP ROXYBOND is: A strong prescription pain medicine that contains an opioid (narcotic) that is used to manage pain severe enough to require an opioid pain medicine, when other pain treatments such as non-opioid pain medicines do not treat your pain well enough or you cannot tolerate them. An opioid pain medicine that can put you at risk for overdose and death. Even if you take your dose correctly as prescribed you are at risk for opioid addiction, abuse, and misuse that can lead to death. Important information about ROXYBOND: Get emergency help right away if you take too much ROXYBOND (overdose). W hen you first start taking ROXYBOND, when your dose is changed, or if you take too much (overdose), serious or life-threatening breathing problems that can lead to death may occur. Taking ROXYBOND with other opioid medicines, benzodiazepines, alcohol, or other central nervous system depressants (including street drugs) can cause severe drowsiness, decreased awareness, breathing problems, coma, and death. Never give anyone else your ROXYBOND. They could die from taking it. Store ROXYBOND away from children and in a safe place to prevent stealing or abuse. Selling or giving away ROXYBOND is against the law. Do not take ROXYBOND if you have: severe asthma, trouble breathing, or other lung problems. a bowel blockage or have narrowing of the stomach or intestines. allergy to oxycodone. Before taking ROXYBOND, tell your healthcare provider if you have a history of: head injury, seizures liver, kidney, thyroid problems problems urinating pancreas or gallbladder problems abuse of street or prescription drugs, alcohol addiction, or mental health problems. Tell your healthcare provider if you are: pregnant or planning to become pregnant. Prolonged use of ROXYBOND during pregnancy can cause withdrawal symptoms in your newborn baby that could be life-threatening if not recognized and treated. breastfeeding. ROXYBOND passes into breast milk and may harm your baby. taking prescription or over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal supplements. Taking ROXYBOND with certain other medicines can cause serious side effects that could lead to death. When taking ROXYBOND: Do not change your dose. Take ROXYBOND exactly as prescribed by your healthcare provider. Use the lowest dose possible for the shortest time needed. Take your prescribed dose every 4 to 6 hours. Do not take more than your prescribed dose. If you miss a dose, take your next dose at your usual time. Call your healthcare provider if the dose you are taking does not control your pain. If you have been taking ROXYBOND regularly, do not stop taking ROXYBOND without talking to your healthcare provider. After you stop taking ROXYBOND, flush any unused tablets down the toilet. While taking ROXYBOND DO NOT: Drive or operate heavy machinery, until you know how ROXYBOND affects you. ROXYBOND can make you sleepy, dizzy, or lightheaded. Drink alcohol or use prescription or over-the-counter medicines that contain alcohol. Using products containing alcohol during treatment with ROXYBOND may cause you to overdose and die. The possible side effects of ROXYBOND are: constipation, nausea, sleepiness, vomiting, tiredness, headache, dizziness, abdominal pain. Call your healthcare provider if you have any of these symptoms and they are severe. Get emergency medical help if you have: trouble breathing, shortness of breath, fast heartbeat, chest pain, swelling of your face, tongue, or throat, extreme drowsiness, light-headedness when changing positions, feeling faint, agitation, high body temperature, trouble walking, stiff muscles, or mental changes such as confusion. These are not all the possible side effects of ROXYBOND. Call your doctor for medical advice about side effects. You may report side effects to the FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. For more information go to dailymed.nlm.nih.gov This Medication Guide has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.

SIDE EFFECTS The following serious adverse reactions are described or are described in greater detail, in other sections: Addiction, Abuse, and Misuse [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Interactions with Benzodiazepines or Other CNS Depressants [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Adrenal Insufficiency [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Severe Hypotension [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Gastrointestinal Adverse Reactions [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Seizures [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Withdrawal [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Clinical Trials Experience Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice. Oxycodone hydrochloride tablets have been evaluated in open label clinical trials in patients with cancer and nonmalignant pain. Oxycodone hydrochloride tablets are associated with adverse experiences similar to those seen with other opioids. Serious adverse reactions that may be associated with ROXYBOND therapy include: respiratory depression, respiratory arrest, circulatory depression, cardiac arrest, hypotension, and/or shock. The common adverse reactions seen on initiation of therapy with oxycodone hydrochloride tablets are dose related and are opioid-related adverse reactions. The most frequent of these included nausea, constipation, vomiting, headache, pruritus, insomnia, dizziness, asthenia, and somnolence. The frequency of these reactions depended on several factors, including clinical setting, the patient’s level of opioid tolerance, and host factors specific to the individual. In all patients for whom dosing information was available (n=191) from the open-label and double-blind studies involving oxycodone hydrochloride tablets, the following adverse events were recorded in oxycodone hydrochloride treated patients with an incidence ≥ 3%. In descending order of frequency they were: nausea, constipation, vomiting, headache, pruritus, insomnia, dizziness, asthenia, and somnolence. Other less frequently observed adverse reactions from opioid analgesics, including oxycodone hydrochloride tablets included: Blood and lymphatic system disorders: anemia, leukopenia Cardiac disorders: cardiac failure, palpitation, tachycardia Gastrointestinal disorders: abdominal pain, dry mouth, diarrhea, dyspepsia, dysphagia, glossitis, nausea, vomiting General disorders and administration site conditions: chills, edema, edema peripheral, pain, pyrexia Immune system disorders: hypersensitivity Infections and infestations: bronchitis, gingivitis, infection, pharyngitis, rhinitis, sepsis, sinusitis, urinary tract infection Injury, poisoning, and procedural complications: injury Metabolism and nutritional disorders: decreased appetite, gout, hyperglycemia Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders: arthralgia, arthritis, back pain, bone pain, myalgia, neck pain, pathological fracture Nervous system disorders: hypertonia, hypoesthesia, migraine, neuralgia, tremor, vasodilation Psychiatric disorders: agitation, anxiety, confusional state, nervousness, personality disorder Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders: cough, dyspnea, epistaxis, laryngospasm, lung disorder Skin and subcutaneous tissue disorders: photosensitivity reaction, rash, hyperhidrosis, urticaria Vascular disorders: thrombophlebitis, hemorrhage, hypotension, vasodilation Postmarketing Experience The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of oxycodone. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. General disorders and administrative site disorders: drug withdrawal syndrome neonatal [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS] Respiratory, thoracic, and mediastinal disorders: pharyngeal edema Serotonin syndrome: Cases of serotonin syndrome, a potentially life-threatening condition, have been reported during concomitant use of opioids with serotonergic drugs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Adrenal insufficiency: Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Anaphylaxis: Anaphylactic reaction has been reported with ingredients contained in ROXYBOND [see CONTRAINDICATIONS]. Androgen deficiency: Cases of androgen deficiency have occurred with chronic use of opioids [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. DRUG INTERACTIONS Table 1 includes clinically significant drug interactions with ROXYBOND. Table 1. Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with ROXYBOND Inhibitors of CYP3A4 and CYP2D6 Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of ROXYBOND and CYP3A4 inhibitors can increase the plasma concentration of oxycodone, resulting in increased or prolonged opioid effects. These effects could be more pronounced with concomitant use of ROXYBOND and CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 inhibitors, particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of ROXYBOND is achieved [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. After stopping a CYP3A4 inhibitor, as the effects of the inhibitor decline, the oxycodone plasma concentration will decrease [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], resulting in decreased opioid efficacy or a withdrawal syndrome in patients who had developed physical dependence to oxycodone. Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider dosage reduction of ROXYBOND until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor patients for respiratory depression and sedation at frequent intervals. If a CYP3A4 inhibitor is discontinued, consider increasing the ROXYBOND dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal. Examples: Macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir). CYP3A4 Inducers Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of ROXYBOND and CYP3A4 inducers can decrease the plasma concentration of oxycodone [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], resulting in decreased efficacy or onset of a withdrawal syndrome in patients who have developed physical dependence to oxycodone [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. After stopping a CYP3A4 inducer, as the effects of the inducer decline, the oxycodone plasma concentration will increase [see CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY], which could increase or prolong both the therapeutic effects and adverse reactions, and may cause serious respiratory depression. Intervention: If concomitant use is necessary, consider increasing the ROXYBOND dosage until stable drug effects are achieved. Monitor for signs of opioid withdrawal. If a CYP3A4 inducer is discontinued, consider ROXYBOND dosage reduction and monitor for signs of respiratory depression. Examples: Rifampin, carbamazepine, phenytoin Benzodiazepines and Other Central Nervous System (CNS) Depressants Clinical Impact: Due to additive pharmacologic effect, the concomitant use of benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, can increase the risk of hypotension, respiratory depression, profound sedation, coma, and death. Intervention: Reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Limit dosages and durations to the minimum required. Follow patients closely for signs of respiratory depression and sedation [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Examples: Benzodiazepines and other sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol. Serotonergic Drugs Clinical Impact: The concomitant use of opioids with other drugs that affect the serotonergic neurotransmitter system has resulted in serotonin syndrome [see ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Intervention: If concomitant use is warranted, carefully observe the patient, particularly during treatment initiation and dose adjustment. Discontinue ROXYBOND if serotonin syndrome is suspected. Examples: Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), serotonin and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs), tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs), triptans, 5-HT3 receptor antagonists, drugs that affect the serotonin neurotransmitter system (e.g., mirtazapine, trazodone, tramadol), monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors (those intended to treat psychiatric disorders and also others, such as linezolid and intravenous methylene blue). Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors (MAOIs) Clinical Impact: MAOI interactions with opioids may manifest as serotonin syndrome or opioid toxicity (e.g., respiratory depression, coma) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Intervention: The use of ROXYBOND is not recommended for patients taking MAOIs or within 14 days of stopping such treatment. If urgent use of an opioid is necessary, use test doses and frequent titration of small doses to treat pain while closely monitoring blood pressure and signs and symptoms of CNS and respiratory depression. Examples: phenelzine, tranylcypromine, linezolid Mixed Agonist/Antagonist Opioid Analgesics Clinical Impact: May reduce the analgesic effect of ROXYBOND and/or may precipitate withdrawal symptoms. Intervention: Avoid concomitant use Examples: Butorphanol, nalbuphine, pentazocine, buprenorphine Muscle Relaxants Clinical Impact: Oxycodone may enhance the neuromuscular blocking action of skeletal muscle relaxants and produce an increased degree of respiratory depression. Intervention: Monitor patients for signs of respiratory depression that may be greater than otherwise expected and decrease the dosage of ROXYBOND and/or the muscle relaxant as necessary. Diuretics Clinical Impact: Opioids can reduce the efficacy of diuretics by inducing the release of antidiuretic hormone. Intervention: Monitor patients for signs of dismissed diuresis and/or effects on blood pressure and increase the dosage of the diuretic as needed. Anticholinergic Drugs Clinical Impact: The concomitant risk of anticholinergic drugs may result in increased risk of urinary retention and/or severe constipation, which may lead to paralytic ileus. Intervention: Monitor patients for signs of urinary retention or reduced gastric motility when ROXYBOND is used concurrently with anticholinergic drugs. Drug Abuse And Dependence Controlled Substance ROXYBOND contains oxycodone, a Schedule II controlled substance. Abuse ROXYBOND contains oxycodone, a substance with a high potential for abuse similar to other opioids including fentanyl, hydrocodone, hydromorphone, methadone, morphine, oxymorphone, and tapentadol. ROXYBOND can be abused and is subject to misuse, addiction, and criminal diversion [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. All patients treated with opioids require careful monitoring for signs of abuse and addiction, because use of opioid analgesic products carries the risk of addiction even under appropriate medical use. Prescription drug abuse is the intentional non-therapeutic use of a prescription drug, even once, for its rewarding psychological or physiological effects. Drug addiction is a cluster of behavioral, cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and includes: a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations, increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal. “Drug-seeking” behavior is very common in persons with substance use disorders. Drug-seeking tactics include emergency calls or visits near the end of office hours, refusal to undergo appropriate examination, testing, or referral, repeated “loss” of prescriptions, tampering with prescriptions, and reluctance to provide prior medical records or contact information for other treating healthcare provider(s). “Doctor shopping” (visiting multiple prescribers to obtain additional prescriptions) is common among drug abusers and people suffering from untreated addiction. Preoccupation with achieving adequate pain relief can be appropriate behavior in a patient with poor pain control. Abuse and addiction are separate and distinct from physical dependence and tolerance. Healthcare providers should be aware that addiction may not be accompanied by concurrent tolerance and symptoms of physical dependence in all addicts. In addition, abuse of opioids can occur in the absence of true addiction. ROXYBOND, like other opioids, can be diverted for non-medical use into illicit channels of distribution. Careful record-keeping of prescribing information, including quantity, frequency, and renewal requests, as required by state and federal law, is strongly advised. Proper assessment of the patient, proper prescribing practices, periodic reevaluation of therapy, and proper dispensing and storage are appropriate measures that help to limit abuse of opioid drugs. Risks Specific to Abuse of ROXYBOND ROXYBOND is for oral use only. Abuse of ROXYBOND poses a risk of overdose and death. This risk is increased with concurrent abuse of ROXYBOND with alcohol and other central nervous system depressants. Parenteral abuse of ROXYBOND can be expected to result in local tissue necrosis, infection, pulmonary granulomas, and increased risk of endocarditis and valvular heart injury. Injection of excipients included in the ROXYBOND formulation, intended to provide abuse-deterrent properties, may be associated with additional unknown serious risks. Parenteral drug abuse is commonly associated with transmission of infectious diseases such as hepatitis and HIV. Abuse Deterrence Studies ROXYBOND is formulated with inactive ingredients that make the tablet more difficult to manipulate for misuse and abuse even if the tablet is subjected to physical manipulation and/or chemical extraction. To evaluate the ability of the abuse-deterrent technology to reduce the potential for abuse of ROXYBOND, a series of in vitro laboratory manipulation, extraction, and syringeability studies were conducted. An in vivo intranasal clinical abuse potential study was also conducted. In Vitro Testing ROXYBOND has been tested in vitro using methods of manipulation that drug abusers commonly use for preparation of opioids for administration by various routes, including oral consumption, intranasal insufflation, and injection. Abusers may manipulate prescription opioids in order to prepare the tablets for oral, intranasal, or intravenous administration. The laboratory test data demonstrated that, relative to oxycodone immediate-release tablets, ROXYBOND has increased resistance to cutting, crushing, grinding, or breaking using selected tools. In addition, the intact and manipulated tablets resisted extraction in selected household and laboratory solvents under various conditions, including selected pre-treatments. Relative to oxycodone immediate-release tablets, the formulation forms a viscous material that resists passage through a needle; it was also more difficult to prepare solutions suitable for intravenous injection. Clinical Abuse Potential Studies A randomized, double-blind, double-dummy, placebo-controlled, single-dose four-way crossover study in 29 non-dependent recreational opioid users with a history of intranasal drug abuse was performed to determine the relative bioavailability and abuse potential of crushed intranasal ROXYBOND 30 mg tablets compared with crushed intranasal 30 mg oxycodone immediate-release tablets and intact orally administered ROXYBOND 30 mg tablets. Intact oral ROXYBOND tablets were included as a reference for evaluating abuse potential after manipulation and administration via an unintended route. Drug liking was measured on a 100-mm bipolar visual analog scale (VAS) where 50 represents a neutral response of neither liking nor disliking, 0 represents maximum disliking, and 100 represents maximum liking. Response to whether the subject would be willing to take the study drug again was also measured on a bipolar 0 to 100 VAS where 50 represents a neutral response, 0 represents the strongest negative response (“definitely would not take drug again”) and 100 represents the strongest positive response (“definitely would take drug again”). The pharmacokinetic profiles of oxycodone were also determined in this study (Table 2). When crushed and insufflated, ROXYBOND showed a lower peak oxycodone plasma concentration (Cmax ~28% reduction) and a 35% longer time to peak plasma concentration (Tmax) relative to crushed and insufflated oxycodone immediate-release tablets. Similar results were demonstrated when crushed and insufflated ROXYBOND was compared to intact oral ROXYBOND with a reduction in Cmax and a longer time to Tmax. Intact oral ROXYBOND resulted in a Cmax of oxycodone similar to that of crushed and insufflated oxycodone immediate-release tablets, with a similar Tmax. Table 2 Summary of Plasma Oxycodone Pharmacokinetic Parameters From the Intranasal Abuse Potential Study (n=31) Treatment or Comparison Cmax (ng/mL) LS Mean AUC0-t (ng*hr/mL) LS Mean Tmax (hr) Median Crushed, Insufflated oxycodone immediate-release tablets 30 mg 55.56 330.77 1.7 Crushed, Insufflated ROXYBOND 30 mg 40.04 309.21 2.3 Intact, oral ROXYBOND 56.97 265.38 1.3 AUC0-t = Area under the plasma concentration vs time curve from 0 to last measurable concentration. Compared to crushed intranasal oxycodone immediate-release tablets, intranasal administration of crushed ROXYBOND was associated with statistically significantly lower drug liking (Emax) and take drug again (Emax) scores, as summarized in Table 3. Similar reductions in drug liking and willingness to take the drug again were reported for crushed intranasal ROXYBOND relative to intact oral ROXYBOND. These data are consistent with the slowing of the intended immediate-release properties of ROXYBOND when manipulated then insufflated compared to taking ROXYBOND orally intact. No statistically significant differences in Emax of Drug Liking or Take Drug Again were observed between crushed intranasal oxycodone immediate-release tablets and intact oral ROXYBOND. Table 3. Summary of Maximum Drug Liking (Emax), and Take Drug Again (Emax), Following Administration of ROXYBOND, Oxycodone Immediate-release Tablets, and Placebo in Recreational Opioid Users (N=29) VAS Crushed Intranasal ROXYBOND 30 mg Crushed Intranasal Oxycodone immediate-release tablets 30 mg Intact Oral ROXYBOND 30 mg Placebo Drug Liking (Emax) Mean (SD) 71.1 (12.01) 82.9 (11.55) 81.5 (11.49) 53.4 (6.34) Median (Range) 71 (50 to 100) 82 (50 to 100) 82.00 (56 to 100) 51.0 (50 to 77) Take Drug Again (Emax) Mean (SD) 62.2 (24.51) 82.1 (16.44) 77.3 (18.11) 41.9 (20.09) Median (Range) 62.0 (3 to 99) 86.0 (37 to 100) 81.0 (13 to 100) 50.0 (0.0 to 78) Figure 1. Mean Drug Liking VAS Scores Over Time (N=29) The majority of subjects (86%; n=25) experienced some reduction in Emax of Drug Liking VAS with crushed intranasal ROXYBOND compared with crushed intranasal oxycodone immediate- release tablets, whereas 59% (n=17) experienced at least a 30% reduction in Emax of drug liking and 21% (n=6) experienced at least a 50% reduction in Emax of drug liking. Summary The in vitro data demonstrate that ROXYBOND has physicochemical properties expected to make abuse via injection difficult. The data from the clinical study, along with support from in vitro data, also indicate that ROXYBOND has physicochemical properties that are expected to reduce abuse by the intranasal route of administration. However, abuse by the intranasal, oral, and intravenous route is still possible. Additional data, including epidemiological data, when available, may provide further information on the impact of the current formulation of ROXYBOND on the abuse liability of the drug. Accordingly, this section may be updated in the future as appropriate. Dependence Both tolerance and physical dependence can develop during chronic opioid therapy. Tolerance is the need for increasing doses of opioids to maintain a defined effect such as analgesia (in the absence of disease progression or other external factors). Tolerance may occur to both the desired and undesired effects of drugs and may develop at different rates for different effects. Physical dependence results in withdrawal symptoms after abrupt discontinuation or significant dosage reduction of a drug. Withdrawal also may be precipitated through the administration of drugs with opioid antagonist activity (e.g., naloxone, nalmefene), mixed agonist/antagonist analgesics (e.g., pentazocine, butorphanol, nalbuphine), or partial agonists (e.g., buprenorphine). Physical dependence may not occur to a clinically significant degree until after several days to weeks of continued opioid usage. ROXYBOND should not be abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. If ROXYBOND is abruptly discontinued in a physically-dependent patient, a withdrawal syndrome may occur. Some or all of the following can characterize this syndrome: restlessness, lacrimation, rhinorrhea, yawning, perspiration, chills, myalgia, and mydriasis. Other symptoms also may develop, including irritability, anxiety, backache, joint pain, weakness, abdominal cramps, insomnia, nausea, anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, or increased blood pressure, respiratory rate, or heart rate. Infants born to mothers physically dependent on opioids will also be physically dependent and may exhibit respiratory difficulties and withdrawal signs [see Use In Specific Populations].

WARNINGS Included as part of the "PRECAUTIONS" Section PRECAUTIONS Addiction, Abuse, And Misuse ROXYBOND contains oxycodone, a Schedule II controlled substance. As an opioid, ROXYBOND exposes users to the risks of addiction, abuse, and misuse [see Drug Abuse And Dependence]. Although the risk of addiction in any individual is unknown, it can occur in patients appropriately prescribed ROXYBOND. Addiction can occur at recommended dosages, when taken as directed, and if the drug is misused or abused. Assess each patient’s risk for opioid addiction, abuse, or misuse prior to prescribing ROXYBOND, and monitor all patients receiving ROXYBOND for the development of these behaviors and conditions. Risks are increased in patients with a personal or family history of substance abuse (including drug or alcohol abuse or addiction) or mental illness (e.g., major depression). The potential for these risks should not, however, prevent the proper management of pain in any given patient. Patients at increased risk may be prescribed opioids such as ROXYBOND, but use in such patients necessitates intensive counseling about the risks and proper use of ROXYBOND along with intensive monitoring for signs of addiction, abuse, and misuse. Opioids are sought by drug abusers and people with addiction disorders and are subject to criminal diversion. Consider these risks when prescribing or dispensing ROXYBOND. Strategies to reduce these risks include prescribing the drug in the smallest appropriate quantity and advising the patient on the proper disposal of unused drugs [see PATIENT INFORMATION]. Contact local state professional licensing board or state controlled substances authority for information on how to prevent and detect abuse or diversion of this product. Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression has been reported with the use of opioids, even when used as recommended. Respiratory depression, if not immediately recognized and treated, may lead to respiratory arrest and death. Management of respiratory depression may include close observation, supportive measures, and use of opioid antagonists, depending on the patient’s clinical status [see OVERDOSE]. Carbon dioxide (CO2) retention from opioid-induced respiratory depression can exacerbate the sedating effects of opioids. While serious, life-threatening, or fatal respiratory depression can occur at any time during the use of ROXYBOND, the risk is greatest during the initiation of therapy or following a dosage increase. Monitor patients closely for respiratory depression, especially within the first 24 to 72 hours of initiating therapy with and following dosage increases of ROXYBOND. To reduce the risk of respiratory depression, proper dosing and titration of ROXYBOND are essential [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Overestimating the ROXYBOND dosage when converting patients from another opioid product can result in fatal overdose with the first dose. Accidental ingestion of even one dose of ROXYBOND, especially by children, can result in respiratory depression and death due to an overdose of oxycodone. Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Prolonged use of ROXYBOND during pregnancy can result in withdrawal in the neonate. Neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, unlike opioid withdrawal syndrome in adults, may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated, and requires management according to protocols developed by neonatology experts. Observe newborns for signs of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and manage accordingly. Advise pregnant women using opioids for a prolonged period of the risk of neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome and ensure that appropriate treatment will be available [see Use In Specific Populations, PATIENT INFORMATION]. Risks Of Concomitant Use Or Discontinuation Of Cytochrome P450 3A4 Inhibitors And Inducers Concomitant use of ROXYBOND with a CYP3A4 inhibitor, such as macrolide antibiotics (e.g., erythromycin), azole-antifungal agents (e.g., ketoconazole), and protease inhibitors (e.g., ritonavir), may increase plasma concentrations of oxycodone and prolong opioid adverse reactions, which may cause potentially fatal respiratory depression [see Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression], particularly when an inhibitor is added after a stable dose of ROXYBOND is achieved. Similarly, discontinuation of a CYP3A4 inducer, such as rifampin, carbamazepine, and phenytoin, in ROXYBOND-treated patients may increase oxycodone plasma concentrations and prolong opioid adverse reactions. When using ROXYBOND with CYP3A4 inhibitors or discontinuing CYP3A4 inducers in ROXYBOND-treated patients, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider dosage reduction of ROXYBOND until stable drugs effects are achieved [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Concomitant use of ROXYBOND with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuation of an CYP3A4 inhibitor could decrease oxycodone plasma concentrations, decrease opioid efficacy or, possibly, lead to a withdrawal syndrome in a patient who had developed physical dependence to oxycodone. When using ROXYBOND with CYP3A4 inducers or discontinuing CYP3A4 inhibitors, monitor patients closely at frequent intervals and consider increasing the opioid dosage if needed to maintain adequate analgesia or if symptoms of opioid withdrawal occur [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Risks From Concomitant Use With Benzodiazepines Or Other CNS Depressants Profound sedation, respiratory depression, coma, and death may result from the concomitant use of ROXYBOND with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (e.g., non-benzodiazepine sedatives/hypnotics, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, muscle relaxants, general anesthetics, antipsychotics, other opioids, alcohol). Because of these risks, reserve concomitant prescribing of these drugs for use in patients for whom alternative treatment options are inadequate. Observational studies have demonstrated that concomitant use of opioid analgesics and benzodiazepines increases the risk of drug-related mortality compared to use of opioid analgesics alone. Because of similar pharmacological properties, it is reasonable to expect similar risk with the concomitant use of other CNS depressant drugs with opioid analgesics [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. If the decision is made to prescribe a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant concomitantly with an opioid analgesic, prescribe the lowest effective dosages and minimum durations of concomitant use. In patients already receiving an opioid analgesic, prescribe a lower initial dose of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant than indicated in the absence of an opioid, and titrate based on clinical response. If an opioid analgesic is initiated in a patient already taking a benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant, prescribe a lower initial dose of the opioid analgesic, and titrate based on clinical response. Follow patients closely for signs and symptoms of respiratory depression and sedation. Advise both patients and caregivers about the risks of respiratory depression and sedation when ROXYBOND is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants (including alcohol and illicit drugs). Advise patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery until the effects of concomitant use of the benzodiazepine or other CNS depressant have been determined. Screen patients for risk of substance use disorders, including opioid abuse and misuse, and warn them of the risk for overdose and death associated with the use of additional CNS depressants including alcohol and illicit drugs [see DRUG INTERACTIONS, PATIENT INFORMATION]. Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression In Patients With Chronic Pulmonary Disease Or In Elderly, Cachectic, Or Debilitated Patients The use of ROXYBOND in patients with acute or severe bronchial asthma in an unmonitored setting or in the absence of resuscitative equipment is contraindicated. Patients With Chronic Pulmonary Disease ROXYBOND-treated patients with significant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or cor pulmonale, and those with a substantially decreased respiratory reserve, hypoxia, hypercapnia, or pre-existing respiratory depression are at increased risk of decreased respiratory drive including apnea, even at recommended dosages of ROXYBOND [see Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression]. Elderly, Cachectic, Or Debilitated Patients Life-threatening respiratory depression is more likely to occur in elderly, cachectic, or debilitated patients because they may have altered pharmacokinetics or altered clearance compared to younger, healthier patients [see Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression]. Monitor patients closely, particularly when initiating and titrating ROXYBOND and when ROXYBOND is given concomitantly with other drugs that depress respiration [see Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression]. Alternatively, consider the use of non-opioid analgesics in these patients. Adrenal Insufficiency Cases of adrenal insufficiency have been reported with opioid use, more often following greater than one month of use. Presentation of adrenal insufficiency may include non-specific symptoms and signs including nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness, and low blood pressure. If adrenal insufficiency is suspected, confirm the diagnosis with diagnostic testing as soon as possible. If adrenal insufficiency is diagnosed, treat with physiologic replacement doses of corticosteroids. Wean the patient off of the opioid to allow adrenal function to recover and continue corticosteroid treatment until adrenal function recovers. Other opioids may be tried as some cases reported use of a different opioid without recurrence of adrenal insufficiency. The information available does not identify any particular opioids as being more likely to be associated with adrenal insufficiency. Severe Hypotension ROXYBOND may cause severe hypotension including orthostatic hypotension and syncope in ambulatory patients. There is increased risk in patients whose ability to maintain blood pressure has already been compromised by a reduced blood volume or concurrent administration of certain CNS depressant drugs (e.g., phenothiazines or general anesthetics) [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Monitor these patients for signs of hypotension after initiating or titrating the dosage of ROXYBOND. In patients with circulatory shock, use of ROXYBOND may cause vasodilation that can further reduce cardiac output and blood pressure. Avoid use of ROXYBOND in patients with circulatory shock. Risks Of Use In Patients With Increased Intracranial Pressure, Brain Tumors, Head Injury, Or Impaired Consciousness In patients who may be susceptible to the intracranial effects of CO2 retention (e.g., those with evidence of increased intracranial pressure or brain tumors), ROXYBOND may reduce the respiratory drive, and the resultant CO2 retention can further increase intracranial pressure. Monitor such patients for signs of sedation and respiratory depression, particularly when initiating therapy with ROXYBOND. Opioids may obscure the clinical course in a patient with a head injury. Avoid the use of ROXYBOND in patients with impaired consciousness or coma. Risks Of Use In Patients With Gastrointestinal Conditions ROXYBOND is contraindicated in patients with gastrointestinal obstruction, including paralytic ileus. The oxycodone in ROXYBOND may cause spasm of the sphincter of Oddi. Opioids may cause increases in serum amylase. Monitor patients with biliary tract disease, including acute pancreatitis, for worsening symptoms. Increased Risk Of Seizures In Patients With Seizure Disorders The oxycodone in ROXYBOND may increase the frequency of seizures in patients with seizure disorders, and may increase the risk of seizures occurring in other clinical settings associated with seizures. Monitor patients with a history of seizure disorders for worsened seizure control during ROXYBOND therapy. Withdrawal Avoid the use of mixed agonist/antagonist (e.g., pentazocine, nalbuphine, and butorphanol) or partial agonist (e.g., buprenorphine) analgesics in patients who are receiving a full opioid agonist analgesic, including ROXYBOND. In these patients, mixed agonist/antagonist and partial agonist analgesics may reduce the analgesic effect and/or precipitate withdrawal symptoms [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. When discontinuing ROXYBOND in a physically-dependent patient, gradually taper the dosage [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION]. Do not abruptly discontinue ROXYBOND in these patients [see Drug Abuse And Dependence]. Risks Of Driving And Operating Machinery ROXYBOND may impair the mental or physical abilities needed to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating machinery. Warn patients not to drive or operate dangerous machinery unless they are tolerant to the effects of ROXYBOND and know how they will react to the medication [see PATIENT INFORMATION]. Patient Counseling Information Advise the patient to read the FDA-approved patient labeling (Medication Guide). Addiction, Abuse, And Misuse Inform patients that the use of ROXYBOND, even when taken as recommended, can result in addiction, abuse, and misuse, which can lead to overdose and death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Instruct patients not to share ROXYBOND with others and to take steps to protect ROXYBOND from theft and misuse. Life-Threatening Respiratory Depression Inform patients of the risk of life-threatening respiratory depression, including information that the risk is greatest when starting ROXYBOND or when the dosage is increased, and that it can occur even at recommended dosages [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Advise patients how to recognize respiratory depression and to seek medical attention if breathing difficulties develop. Accidental Ingestion Inform patients that accidental ingestion, especially by children, may result in respiratory depression or death [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Instruct patients to take steps to store ROXYBOND securely and to dispose of unused ROXYBOND by flushing the tablets down the toilet or disposing of in accordance with local state guidelines and/or regulations. Interactions With Benzodiazepines And Other CNS Depressants Inform patients and caregivers that potentially fatal additive effects may occur if ROXYBOND is used with benzodiazepines or other CNS depressants, including alcohol, and not to use these concomitantly unless supervised by a healthcare provider [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Serotonin Syndrome Inform patients that opioids could cause a rare but potentially life-threatening condition resulting from concomitant administration of serotonergic drugs. Warn patients of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome and to seek medical attention right away if symptoms develop. Instruct patients to inform their healthcare providers if they are taking, or plan to take serotonergic medication [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. MAOI Interaction Inform patients to avoid taking ROXYBOND while using any drugs that inhibit monoamine oxidase. Patients should not start MAOIs while taking ROXYBOND [see DRUG INTERACTIONS]. Adrenal Insufficiency Inform patients that opioids could cause adrenal insufficiency, a potentially life-threatening condition. Adrenal insufficiency may present with non-specific symptoms and signs such as nausea, vomiting, anorexia, fatigue, weakness, dizziness and low blood pressure. Advise patients to seek medical attention if they experience a constellation of these symptoms [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Important Administration Instructions Instruct patients how to properly take ROXYBOND. Patients should be advised not to adjust the dose of ROXYBOND without consulting the prescribing healthcare provider [see DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION, WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Hypotension Inform patients that ROXYBOND may cause orthostatic hypotension and syncope. Instruct patients how to recognize symptoms of low blood pressure and how to reduce the risk of serious consequences should hypotension occur (e.g., sit or lie down, carefully rise from sitting or lying position) [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Anaphylaxis Inform patients that anaphylaxis has been reported with ingredients contained in ROXYBOND. Advise patients how to recognize such a reaction and when to seek medical attention [see CONTRAINDICATIONS, ADVERSE REACTIONS]. Pregnancy Neonatal Opioid Withdrawal Syndrome Inform female patients of reproductive potential that prolonged use of ROXYBOND during pregnancy can result in neonatal opioid withdrawal syndrome, which may be life-threatening if not recognized and treated [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS, Use In Specific Populations]. Embryo-Fetal Toxicity Inform female patients of reproductive potential that ROXYBOND can cause fetal harm and to inform their healthcare provider of a known or suspected pregnancy [see Use In Specific Populations]. Lactation Advise nursing mothers to monitor infants for increased sleepiness (more than usual), breathing difficulties, or limpness. Instruct nursing mothers to seek immediate medical care if they notice these signs [see Use In Specific Populations]. Infertility Inform patients that chronic use of opioids may cause reduced fertility. It is not known whether these effects on fertility are reversible [see Use In Specific Populations]. Driving Or Operating Machinery Inform patients that ROXYBOND may impair the ability to perform potentially hazardous activities such as driving a car or operating dangerous machinery. Advise patients not to perform such tasks until they know how they will react to the medication [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS]. Constipation Advise patients of the potential for severe constipation, including management instructions and when to seek medical attention [see ADVERSE REACTIONS, CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY]. Disposal Of Unused ROXYBOND Advise patients to keep ROXYBOND in a secure place out of reach of children. Advise patients to dispose of unused ROXYBOND by flushing the tablets down the toilet or disposing in accordance with local state guidelines and/or regulations. Nonclinical Toxicology Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment Of Fertility Carcinogenesis Long-term studies have not been performed in animals to evaluate the carcinogenic potential of oxycodone. Mutagenesis Oxycodone hydrochloride was genotoxic in an in vitro mouse lymphoma assay in the presence of metabolic activation. There was no evidence of genotoxic potential in an in vitro bacterial reverse mutation assay (Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli) or in an assay for chromosomal aberrations (in vivo mouse bone marrow micronucleus assay). Impairment Of Fertility Studies in animals to evaluate the potential impact of oxycodone on fertility have not been conducted.