Diseases

Second Trimester of Pregnancy (Pregnancy) Information

Body aches

During pregnancy, you might have: As your uterus expands, you may feel aches and pains in the back, abdomen, groin area, and thighs. Many women also have backaches and aching near the pelvic bone due the pressure of the baby's head, increased weight, and loosening joints. Some pregnant women complain of pain that runs from the lower back, down the back of one leg, to the knee or foot. This is called sciatica (SYE-AT-ick-uh). It is thought to occur when the uterus puts pressure on the sciatic nerve. What might help:

• Lie down.
• Rest.
• Apply heat.

Breast changes

During pregnancy, you might have: A woman's breasts increase in size and fullness during pregnancy. As the due date approaches, hormone changes will cause your breasts to get even bigger to prepare for breastfeeding. Your breasts may feel full, heavy, or tender. In the third trimester, some pregnant women begin to leak colostrum (coh-LOSS-truhm) from their breasts. Colostrum is the first milk that your breasts produce for the baby. It is a thick, yellowish fluid containing antibodies that protect newborns from infection. What might help:

• Wear a maternity bra with good support.
• Put pads in the bra to absorb leakage.

Constipation

During pregnancy, you might have: Many pregnant women complain of constipation. Signs of constipation include having hard, dry stools; fewer than three bowel movements per week; and painful bowel movements. Higher levels of hormones due to pregnancy slow down digestion and relax muscles in the bowels leaving many women constipated. Plus, the pressure of the expanding uterus on the bowels can contribute to constipation. What might help:

• Drink 8 to 10 glasses of water daily.
• Don't drink caffeine.
• Eat fiber-rich foods, such as fresh or dried fruit, raw vegetables, and whole-grain cereals and breads.
• Try mild physical activity

Dizziness

During pregnancy, you might have: Many pregnant women complain of dizziness and lightheadedness throughout their pregnancies. Fainting is rare but does happen even in some healthy pregnant women. There are many reasons for these symptoms. The growth of more blood vessels in early pregnancy, the pressure of the expanding uterus on blood vessels, and the body's increased need for food all can make a pregnant woman feel lightheaded and dizzy. What might help:

• Stand up slowly.
• Avoid standing for too long.
• Don't skip meals.
• Lie on your left side.
• Wear loose clothing.

Fatigue, sleep problems

During pregnancy, you might have: During your pregnancy, you might feel tired even after you've had a lot of sleep. Many women find they're exhausted in the first trimester. Don't worry, this is normal! This is your body's way of telling you that you need more rest. In the second trimester, tiredness is usually replaced with a feeling of well being and energy. But in the third trimester, exhaustion often sets in again. As you get larger, sleeping may become more difficult. The baby's movements, bathroom runs, and an increase in the body's metabolism might interrupt or disturb your sleep. Leg cramping can also interfere with a good night's sleep. What might help:

• Lie on your left side.
• Use pillows for support, such as behind your back, tucked between your knees, and under your tummy.
• Practice good sleep habits, such as going to bed and getting up at the same time each day and using your bed only for sleep and sex.
• Go to bed a little earlier.
• Nap if you are not able to get enough sleep at night.
• Drink needed fluids earlier in the day, so you can drink less in the hours before bed.

Heartburn and indigestion

During pregnancy, you might have: Hormones and the pressure of the growing uterus cause indigestion and heartburn. Pregnancy hormones slow down the muscles of the digestive tract. So food tends to move more slowly and digestion is sluggish. This causes many pregnant women to feel bloated. Hormones also relax the valve that separates the esophagus from the stomach. This allows food and acids to come back up from the stomach to the esophagus. The food and acid causes the burning feeling of heartburn. As your baby gets bigger, the uterus pushes on the stomach making heartburn more common in later pregnancy. What might help:

• Eat several small meals instead of three large meals -- eat slowly.
• Drink fluids between meals -- not with meals.
• Don't eat greasy and fried foods.
• Avoid citrus fruits or juices and spicy foods.
• Do not eat or drink within a few hours of bedtime.
• Do not lie down right after meals.

Hemorrhoids during pregnancy

Hemorrhoids (HEM-roidz) are swollen and bulging veins in the rectum. They can cause itching, pain, and bleeding. Up to 50 percent of pregnant women get hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids are common during pregnancy for many reasons. During pregnancy blood volume increases greatly, which can cause veins to enlarge. The expanding uterus also puts pressure on the veins in the rectum. Plus, constipation can worsen hemorrhoids. Hemorrhoids usually improve after delivery. What might help:

• Drink lots of fluids.
• Eat fiber-rich foods, like whole grains, raw or cooked leafy green vegetables, and fruits.
• Try not to strain with bowel movements.
• Talk to your doctor about using products such as witch hazel to soothe hemorrhoids.

Itching

During pregnancy, you might have: About 20 percent of pregnant women feel itchy during pregnancy. Usually women feel itchy in the abdomen. But red, itchy palms and soles of the feet are also common complaints. Pregnancy hormones and stretching skin are probably to blame for most of your discomfort. Usually the itchy feeling goes away after delivery. What might help:

• Use gentle soaps and moisturizing creams.
• Avoid hot showers and baths.
• Avoid itchy fabrics.

Leg cramps

During pregnancy, you might have: At different times during your pregnancy, you might have sudden muscle spasms in your legs or feet. They usually occur at night. This is due to a change in the way your body processes calcium. What might help:

• Gently stretch muscles.
• Get mild exercise.
• For sudden cramps, flex your foot forward.
• Eat calcium-rich foods.
• Ask your doctor about magnesium supplements.

Morning sickness

In the first trimester hormone changes can cause nausea and vomiting. This is called "morning sickness," although it can occur at any time of day. Morning sickness usually tapers off by the second trimester. What might help:

• Eat several small meals instead of three large meals to keep your stomach from being empty.
• Don't lie down after meals.
• Eat dry toast, saltines, or dry cereals before getting out of bed in the morning.
• Eat bland foods that are low in fat and easy to digest, such as cereal, rice, and bananas.
• Sip on water, weak tea, or clear soft drinks. Or eat ice chips.
• Avoid smells that upset your stomach.

Nasal problems

During pregnancy, you might have: Nosebleeds and nasal stuffiness are common during pregnancy. They are caused by the increased amount of blood in your body and hormones acting on the tissues of your nose. What might help:

• Blow your nose gently.
• Drink fluids and use a cool mist humidifier.
• To stop a nosebleed, squeeze your nose between your thumb and forefinger for a few minutes.

Numb or tingling hands

During pregnancy, you might have: Feelings of swelling, tingling, and numbness in fingers and hands, called carpal tunnel syndrome, can occur during pregnancy. These symptoms are due to swelling of tissues in the narrow passages in your wrists, and they should disappear after delivery. What might help:

• Take frequent breaks to rest hands.
• Ask your doctor about fitting you for a splint to keep wrists straight.

Pregnancy definition and facts*

*Pregnancy facts medical author: Melissa Conrad Stoppler, MD

• A normal pregnancy lasts about 40 weeks and is grouped into three stages, or trimesters.
• Symptoms and early signs of pregnancy include
• the absence of menstrual periods,
  • breast changes,
  • tiredness,
  • nausea,
  • mood swings, or
  • other symptoms.
• A pregnancy test measures the level of hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) in the urine or blood. The test may be positive before the first signs of pregnancy develop in some women.
• Symptoms of late pregnancy can include
  • heartburn,
  • difficulty sleeping,
  • swelling of the ankles or fingers,
  • hemorrhoids, and
  • mild contractions.
• Many of these symptoms result from the weight gain and enlarging uterus in late pregnancy.
• By the end of 37 weeks, a baby is considered full term and its organs are ready to function on their own.
• As you near your due date, your baby may turn into a head-down position for birth. Most babies "present" head down.
• Babies at birth typically weigh between 6 pounds 2 ounces and 9 pounds 2 ounces and are 19 to 21 inches long. Most full-term babies fall within these ranges.

Stretch marks, skin changes

During pregnancy, you might have: Stretch marks are red, pink, or brown streaks on the skin. Most often they appear on the thighs, buttocks, abdomen, and breasts. These scars are caused by the stretching of the skin, and usually appear in the second half of pregnancy. Some women notice other skin changes during pregnancy. For many women, the nipples become darker and browner during pregnancy. Many pregnant women also develop a dark line (called the linea nigra) on the skin that runs from the belly button down to the pubic hairline. Patches of darker skin usually over the cheeks, forehead, nose, or upper lip also are common. Patches often match on both sides of the face. These spots are called melasma or chloasma and are more common in darker-skinned women. What might help:

• Be patient - stretch marks and other changes usually fade after delivery.

Swelling

During pregnancy, you might have: Many women develop mild swelling in the face, hands, or ankles at some point in their pregnancies. As the due date approaches, swelling often becomes more noticeable. What might help:

• Drink eight to 10 glasses of fluids daily.
• Don't drink caffeine or eat salty foods.
• Rest and elevate your feet.
• Ask your doctor about support hose.

Urinary frequency and leaking

During pregnancy, you might have: Temporary bladder control problems are common in pregnancy. Your unborn baby pushes down on the bladder, urethra, and pelvic floor muscles. This pressure can lead to more frequent need to urinate, as well as leaking of urine when sneezing, coughing, or laughing. What might help:

• Take frequent bathroom breaks.
• Drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration.
• Do Kegel exercises to tone pelvic muscles.

Varicose veins

During pregnancy, you might have: During pregnancy blood volume increases greatly. This can cause veins to enlarge. Plus, pressure on the large veins behind the uterus causes the blood to slow in its return to the heart. For these reasons, varicose veins in the legs and anus (hemorrhoids) are more common in pregnancy. Varicose veins look like swollen veins raised above the surface of the skin. They can be twisted or bulging and are dark purple or blue in color. They are found most often on the backs of the calves or on the inside of the leg. What might help:

• Sit with your legs and feet raised.